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Port Jackson

Coordinates: 33°51′30″S 151°14′00″E / 33.85833°S 151.23333°E / -33.85833; 151.23333
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(Redirected from Sydney Harbour)
"Sydney Harbour" redirects here. For the inlet in Nova Scotia, see Sydney Harbour (Nova Scotia).
For other uses, see Port Jackson (disambiguation).

Port Jackson
Port Jackson seen from the air in 2006
Port Jackson is located in Sydney
Port Jackson
Port Jackson
LocationSydney, New South Wales, Australia
Coordinates33°51′30″S 151°14′00″E / 33.85833°S 151.23333°E / -33.85833; 151.23333
River sourcesParramatta, Lane Cove, Middle Harbour
Ocean/sea sourcesTasman Sea of the South Pacific Ocean
Basin countriesAustralia
IslandsClark, Shark, Goat, Fort Denison
SettlementsSydney

Port Jackson, consisting of the waters of Sydney Harbour, Middle Harbour, North Harbour and the Lane Cove and Parramatta Rivers, is the ria or natural harbour of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The harbour is an inlet of the Tasman Sea (part of the South Pacific Ocean). It is the location of the Sydney Opera House and Sydney Harbour Bridge. The location of the first European settlement and colony on the Australian mainland, Port Jackson has continued to play a key role in the history and development of Sydney.

Port Jackson, in the early days of the colony, was also used as a shorthand for Sydney and its environs. Thus, many botanists, see, e.g., Robert Brown's Prodromus Florae Novae Hollandiae et Insulae Van Diemen,[1] described their specimens as having been collected at Port Jackson.

Many recreational events are based on or around the harbour itself, particularly Sydney New Year's Eve celebrations. The harbour is also the starting point of the Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race.[2]

The waterways of Port Jackson are managed by Transport for NSW. Sydney Harbour National Park protects a number of islands and foreshore areas, swimming spots, bushwalking tracks and picnic areas.[3] The harbour is a global hotspot for marine and estuarine diversity.[4]

History

[edit]
Sydney Cove, Port Jackson in the County of Cumberland – from a drawing made by Francis Fowkes in 1788
This 1830 painting shows the Mellish entering the harbour. Ships importing resources from India played a vital role in establishing Sydney.
Clipper ships in Darling Harbour in 1900

At the time of the European arrival and colonisation, the land around Port Jackson was inhabited by the Eora clans, including the Gadigal, Cammeraygal, and Wangal. The Gadigal inhabited the land stretching along the south side of Port Jackson from what is now South Head, in an arc west to the present Darling Harbour. The Cammeraygal lived on the northern side of the harbour. The area along the southern banks of the Parramatta River to Rose Hill belonged to the Wangal. The Eora inhabited Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour), south to the Georges River and west to Parramatta.[5]

Cook's naming of Port Jackson

[edit]

The first recorded European discovery of Sydney Harbour was by Lieutenant James Cook in 1770. Cook named the inlet after Sir George Jackson, one of the Lords Commissioners of the British Admiralty, and Judge Advocate of the Fleet.[6] As the Endeavour sailed past the entrance at Sydney Heads, Cook wrote in his journal "at noon we were...about 2 or 3 miles from the land and abrest of a bay or harbour within there appeared to be a safe anchorage which I called Port Jackson."

First Fleet

[edit]

Eighteen years later, Port Jackson saw the arrival of the First Fleet. On 21 January 1788, after arriving at Botany Bay, Governor Arthur Phillip took a longboat and two cutters up the coast to sound the entrance and examine Cook's Port Jackson. Phillip first stayed overnight at Camp Cove, just inside the South Head, then moved up the harbour, landing at Sydney Cove and then Manly Cove, before returning to Botany Bay on the afternoon of 24 January. Phillip returned to Sydney Cove in HM Armed Tender Supply on 26 January 1788, where he established the first colony in Australia, later to become the city of Sydney. In his first dispatch from the colony back to England, Governor Phillip noted that:[7][8]

We got into Port Jackson early in the Afternoon, and had the satisfaction of finding the finest Harbour in the World, in which a thousand Sail of the line may ride in the most perfect security...I fixed on the one [cove] that had the best spring of Water, and in which the Ships can Anchor so close to the Shore, that at a very small expence...

— Governor Arthur Phillip, 15 May 1788.

Port Jackson was described as a "capacious harbour, equal, if not superior to any yet known in the world", that "sheltered anchorage for the ships" and provided "a suitable landing place on rocks on the western side of the cove, relatively level land at the head of the cove, and a run of fresh water", in addition to it being "capable of affording security to a much larger fleet than would probably ever seek for shelter or security in it." Royal Navy officer David Blackburn also described it as a "fine Harbour as Any in the World, with water for any Number of the Largest ships."[7]

Later events

[edit]

The Great White Fleet, the United States Navy battle fleet, arrived in Port Jackson in August 1908 by order of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt. From 1938, seaplanes landed in Sydney Harbour on Rose Bay, making this Sydney's first international airport.

Attack on Sydney Harbour

[edit]
Further information: Attack on Sydney Harbour
A Japanese Kō-hyōteki class midget submarine M-21 being raised from Taylor's Bay on 1 June 1942

In 1942, to protect Sydney Harbour from a submarine attack, the Sydney Harbour anti-submarine boom net was constructed. It spanned the harbour from Green (Laings) Point, Watsons Bay to the battery at Georges Head, on the other side of the harbour. On the night of 31 May 1942, three Japanese midget submarines entered the harbour, one of which became entangled in the western end of the boom net's central section. Unable to free their submarine, the crew detonated charges, killing themselves in the process. A second midget submarine came to grief in Taylor's Bay, the two crew committing suicide. The third submarine fired two torpedoes at USS Chicago (both missed) before leaving the harbour. In November 2006, this submarine was found off Sydney's Northern Beaches.[9]

The anti-submarine boom net was demolished soon after World War II, and all that remains are the foundations of the old boom net winch house, which can be viewed on Green (Laings) Point, Watsons Bay. Today, the Australian War Memorial has on display a composite of the two midget submarines salvaged from Sydney Harbour.[10][11] The conning tower of one of the midget submarines is on display at the RAN Heritage Centre, Garden Island, Sydney.[12]

Fortifications

[edit]
Further information: Sydney Harbour defences

Fort Denison is a former penal site and defensive facility occupying a small island located north-east of the Royal Botanic Garden in Sydney Harbour.

There are fortifications at Sydney Heads and elsewhere, some of which are now heritage listed. The earliest date from the 1830s, and were designed to defend Sydney from seaborn attack or convict uprisings. There are four historical fortifications located between Taronga Zoo and Middle Head, Mosman, they are: the Middle Head Fortifications, the Georges Head Battery, the Lower Georges Heights Commanding Position and a small fort located on Bradleys Head, known as the Bradleys Head Fortification Complex. The forts were built from sandstone quarried on site and consist of various tunnels, underground rooms, open batteries and casemated batteries, shell rooms, gunpowder magazines, barracks and trenches.[13][14]

Geography

[edit]
Further information: Geography of Sydney
The Harbour as seen aloft from the Tasman Sea
The harbour is the focal point for the Sydney New Year's Eve celebrations
The Sydney central business district skyline viewed from the harbour

Geologically, Port Jackson is a drowned river valley, or ria. It is 19 km long with an area of 55 km2. The estuary's volume at high tide is 562 million cubic metres. The perimeter of the estuary is 317 kilometres.

According to the Geographical Names Board of New South Wales, Port Jackson is "a harbour which comprises all the waters within an imaginary line joining North Head and South Head. Within this harbour lies North Harbour, Middle Harbour and Sydney Harbour."[15]

Port Jackson extends westward from the single entrance known as Sydney Heads (North and South Heads) and encompasses all tidal waters within North Harbour, Middle Harbour, Sydney Harbour, Darling Harbour, Parramatta River and Lane Cove River.[16]

The harbour is heavily embayed. The bays on the south side tend to be wide and rounded, whereas those on the north side are generally narrow inlets. Many of these bays include beaches. The Sydney central business district extends from Circular Quay.

An aerial panorama of Sydney Harbour and Darling Harbour on 4 January 2019

Headlands and peninsulas

[edit]
Main article: Sydney Heads

East to west, north side:

East to west, south side

Detailed map of Port Jackson

Islands

[edit]

There are several islands within the harbour, including Shark Island, Clark Island, Fort Denison, Goat Island, Cockatoo Island, Spectacle Island, Snapper Island and Rodd Island. Some other former islands, including Garden Island, Glebe Island and Berry Island, have been linked to the shore by land reclamation, though their names often still contain the word "island". Two other former islands, Bennelong Island and Darling Island, are similarly now linked to the mainland, but rarely mentioned as islands. The former Dawes Island was joined to another small island to create Spectacle Island.[17] Exposed at low tide is Sow and Pigs Reef, a well-known navigation obstacle near the main shipping lane.

Tributaries and waterways

[edit]
  • Tank Stream was a freshwater course emptying into Sydney Cove. Today it is little more than a stormwater drain but originally it was the fresh water supply for the fledgling colony of New South Wales. It originated from a swamp to the west of present-day Hyde Park and at high tide entered Sydney Cove at the intersection of Bridge and Pitt Streets.
  • Middle Harbour is the northern arm of Port Jackson. It begins as a small creek (Middle Harbour Creek) at St Ives.[18] It joins the main waterway between two headlands, Middle Head and Grotto Point Reserve, west of Sydney Heads.
  • Parramatta River is the western arm of Port Jackson. The river begins at the confluence of Toongabbie Creek and Darling Mills Creek west of Parramatta and joins the main waterway between Greenwich Point, Greenwich, and Robinsons Point, Birchgrove.[19]
  • Lane Cove River rises near Thornleigh and flows generally south for about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi). Its catchment area is approximately 95.4 square kilometres (36.8 sq mi).
  • Tarban Creek, a northern tributary of the Parramatta River, enters Port Jackson at Hunters Hill.
  • Johnstons Creek rises in Stanmore and flows in a generally northward direction, passing through the inner-western suburbs of Forest Lodge, Annandale and Glebe. The creek passes beneath the stands of the now demolished Harold Park Paceway prior to emptying into Rozelle Bay at Bicentennial Park, Glebe. Orphan School Creek is a tributary.
  • Duck River is a perennial stream and southern tributary of the Parramatta River.

Climate

[edit]
Port Jackson shrouded in bushfire smoke during Black Summer

Port Jackson has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa) with warm, somewhat humid summers and mild to cool winters, with moderate rainfall spread throughout the year. Due to its exposed proximity to the Tasman Sea, it is slightly cooler, wetter and windier than Observatory Hill to the west. In addition to featuring the lowest maximum summer temperatures in the Sydney region (averaging just 24.4 °C (75.9 °F)), Port Jackson is also least affected by extreme heat due to frequent sea breezes. Conversely, winter nights are among the warmest in Sydney, and rarely dip below 8.0 °C (46.4 °F), although fog often occurs and may be disruptive.

Port Jackson's weather station is located within a lighthouse just south of Georges Head at Georges Heights in Mosman and is adjacent to the suburbs of Vaucluse, Point Piper and Watsons Bay, which are on Port Jackson's east side towards the Pacific Ocean. Sydney Cove, a bay in Port Jackson's west side that includes Circular Quay, is more proximate to the Observatory Hill weather station, and therefore the climate data below does not apply to that vicinity.

Climate data for Sydney Harbour (Western Channel Pile Light)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 42.2
(108.0) 		39.4
(102.9) 		38.2
(100.8) 		32.4
(90.3) 		27.0
(80.6) 		24.1
(75.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		28.7
(83.7) 		34.1
(93.4) 		35.8
(96.4) 		40.8
(105.4) 		38.5
(101.3) 		42.2
(108.0)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 24.8
(76.6) 		24.8
(76.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.4
(72.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		17.8
(64.0) 		17.3
(63.1) 		17.9
(64.2) 		19.8
(67.6) 		21.2
(70.2) 		22.2
(72.0) 		23.6
(74.5) 		21.3
(70.3)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7) 		22.7
(72.9) 		21.6
(70.9) 		19.6
(67.3) 		16.8
(62.2) 		14.7
(58.5) 		13.9
(57.0) 		14.5
(58.1) 		16.6
(61.9) 		18.3
(64.9) 		19.7
(67.5) 		21.3
(70.3) 		18.5
(65.3)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 20.4
(68.7) 		20.6
(69.1) 		19.3
(66.7) 		16.8
(62.2) 		13.5
(56.3) 		11.6
(52.9) 		10.5
(50.9) 		11.1
(52.0) 		13.4
(56.1) 		15.4
(59.7) 		17.2
(63.0) 		18.9
(66.0) 		15.7
(60.3)
Record low °C (°F) 14.8
(58.6) 		14.7
(58.5) 		13.2
(55.8) 		10.7
(51.3) 		8.9
(48.0) 		5.0
(41.0) 		6.1
(43.0) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.0
(44.6) 		8.8
(47.8) 		11.0
(51.8) 		12.1
(53.8) 		5.0
(41.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 97.6
(3.84) 		120.6
(4.75) 		120.7
(4.75) 		136.4
(5.37) 		122.5
(4.82) 		138.4
(5.45) 		96.1
(3.78) 		81.3
(3.20) 		70.9
(2.79) 		73.7
(2.90) 		89.2
(3.51) 		78.4
(3.09) 		1,215.8
(47.87)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 8.3 8.4 9.3 10.1 9.1 9.4 7.5 8.1 7.9 8.5 8.4 8.2 103.2
Source 1: Bureau of Meteorology (temperatures, 1996–present)[20]
Source 2: Bureau of Meteorology, Rose Bay (rainfall, 1928–present)[21] Manly Town Hall (rain days, 1914–1963)[22]

Infrastructure

[edit]
Sydney Harbour at night, with the Opera House and Harbour Bridge

Bridges

[edit]
The Anzac Bridge is on the righthand side with Glebe Island and White Bay on the lefthand side. Sydney Harbour Bridge and the CBD is in the background

Port Jackson is bridged from north to south by the Sydney Harbour Bridge, the Gladesville Bridge, the Ryde Bridge, and the Silverwater Bridge.

Other bridges spanning Port Jackson waterways are Pyrmont Bridge spanning Darling Harbour; the Anzac Bridge (formerly known as the Glebe Island Bridge), spanning Blackwattle Bay; the Iron Cove Bridge spanning Iron Cove; the Spit Bridge spanning Middle Harbour; the Roseville Bridge spanning Middle Harbour; the Tarban Creek Bridge spanning Tarban Creek.

The original Meadowbank Railway Bridge carried the Main Northern railway line, now reduced to pedestrian traffic only. The replacement John Whitton Bridge carries two railway tracks with piers suitable for four tracks.

There is a single track rail bridge on the Carlingford railway line crossing the Parramatta River near Camellia.

Bennelong Bridge over Homebush Bay connects Wentworth Point and Rhodes

Punts

[edit]

Weir

[edit]

A weir between Queens Avenue and Charles Street, Parramatta, called Charles Street Weir,[23] separates the saltwater and tidal waters to the east from the freshwater and non-tidal waters to the west. The weir is marked right near the western (left) edge of the detailed map above.

Tunnels

[edit]

A road tunnel, the Sydney Harbour Tunnel passing underneath the Harbour to the east of the bridge was opened in August 1992.

In 2005, 2010 and in 2014, the NSW Government proposed a rail tunnel be constructed to the west of the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Construction of an extra pair of road tunnels to the west of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, as part of the Sydney Metro project, was approved in January 2017 while the Harbour tunnelling was completed in March 2020.[24][25]

The Western Harbour Tunnel is planned to offer another motor vehicle tunnel in 2026.

Cruise ship terminals

[edit]
Carnival Spirit cruise ship in Sydney Cove in 2013

Permanent cruise ship terminals are located at the Overseas Passenger Terminal at Circular Quay, Sydney Cove and at the White Bay Cruise Terminal at White Bay. White Bay's evolution to a cruise terminal came with the closure of Darling Harbour terminal to make way for the Barangaroo development.[26]

Other port facilities

[edit]

White Bay and adjacent Glebe Island have been working ports since the mid-1800s, handling just about everything from timber and paper, coal, sugar and cement to cars and containers. The NSW Government identified both as vital to the City's economy and in March 2013 announced its commitment to maintaining both as working ports as it frees up neighbouring bays for public access. Glebe Island is Sydney's last remaining deepwater port able to supply the City's ongoing demand for dry bulk goods such as sugar, gypsum and cement.[26]

Most of Sydney's port infrastructure has moved south to Botany Bay since the construction of the first container terminals there in the late 1960s and early 1970s.

Military installations

[edit]
Main article: Sydney Harbour defences

Former:

Current:

Maritime transport

[edit]
SS Dee Why in 1930

Sydney Ferries operate services from Circular Quay to Cockatoo Island, Double Bay, Manly, Mosman, Neutral Bay, Parramatta, Pyrmont Bay, Taronga Zoo and Watsons Bay.

Water taxi and water limousine operators offer transport not restricted by timetables or specific routes, and can also provide a service to or from private wharfs and houses on the waterfront. Sightseeing harbour cruises are operated daily from Circular Quay. Whale watching excursions are also operated from Port Jackson.

The Mortlake Ferry, also known as the Putney Punt, crosses the Parramatta River, connecting Mortlake and Putney.

Maritime heritage

[edit]
Sydney Heritage Fleet, Rozelle Bay

Australian National Maritime Museum, at Darling Harbour, has themed exhibitions ranging from Indigenous lore and European seafaring to aquatic sport and maritime defence.[27]

Sydney Heritage Fleet is a largely volunteer organisation dedicated to the restoration and operation of heritage vessels. The barque James Craig of the SHF sails regularly from Port Jackson.[28]

RAN Heritage Centre at Garden Island has many exhibits, artefacts and documents relating to the history of the Royal Australian Navy.[12]

Port Jackson is associated with the voyages of Richard Siddins.

Ecology

[edit]

The Sydney Institute of Marine Science (SIMS) has done a great deal of work focused on habitat restoration and restoring the biodiversity of the harbour, including a major program called the Sydney Harbour Research Program around 2012, led by Emma Johnston.[29] Project Restore is an ongoing large-scale project by SIMS and its partner universities that aims to restore different habitat types at the same time, to restore seascapes in Sydney Harbour.[30][31] It encompasses four projects already under way, including the "Living Seawalls" project, which entails covering parts of the harbour seawalls with specially-designed tiles that mimic natural microhabitats - with crevices and other features that more closely resemble natural rocks.[32] Project Restore is partly funded by the NSW Government.[33]

Heritage listings

[edit]

Port Jackson has a number of heritage-listed sites, including:

Derivative unit of measure

[edit]

A Sydharb is a unit of volume used in Australia for water, especially in dams and harbours. One sydharb (or sydarb), also called a Sydney Harbour, is the amount of water in the Sydney Harbour (Port Jackson): approximately 500 gigalitres (410,000 acre⋅ft).[38]

[edit]
  • 1890 nautical chart of Port Jackson
    1890 nautical chart of Port Jackson
  • Sydney Harbour in distance as seen aloft from Tasman Sea, overlooking the clifftop suburb of Vaucluse.
    Sydney Harbour in distance as seen aloft from Tasman Sea, overlooking the clifftop suburb of Vaucluse.
  • The Queen Elizabeth 2 docked at Sydney Harbour, looking towards Circular Quay and the Sydney CBD.
    The Queen Elizabeth 2 docked at Sydney Harbour, looking towards Circular Quay and the Sydney CBD.
  • Sydney Harbour on New Year's Eve
    Sydney Harbour on New Year's Eve
  • View of Port Jackson and Sydney's CBD.
    View of Port Jackson and Sydney's CBD.
  • Sydney Harbour
    Sydney Harbour
  • Sydney Harbour and Port Jackson displaying aerial views of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. The CBD is located to the far left of the photo.
    Sydney Harbour and Port Jackson displaying aerial views of the Sydney Harbour Bridge and the Sydney Opera House. The CBD is located to the far left of the photo.
  • Port Jackson, as seen from Rose Bay.
    Port Jackson, as seen from Rose Bay.
  • This is the view of Sydney Harbour from Millers Point.
    This is the view of Sydney Harbour from Millers Point.
  • East Channel Marker in Sydney Harbour, colloquially called the East Wedding Cake.
    East Channel Marker in Sydney Harbour, colloquially called the East Wedding Cake.
  • View of the harbour and the Sydney Harbour Bridge from Vaucluse
    View of the harbour and the Sydney Harbour Bridge from Vaucluse
  • View of the harbour from the sandstone rocks in Mrs. Macquarie's Chair
    View of the harbour from the sandstone rocks in Mrs. Macquarie's Chair
  • View over the Harbour from Observatory Park
    View over the Harbour from Observatory Park

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Brown, Robert. Prodromus floræ Novæ Hollandiæ et Insulæ Van-Diemen : exhibens characteres plantarum quas annis 1802–1805 /. Londini: typis R. Taylor et socii.
  2. ^ "Rolex Sydney Hobart Yacht Race 2024". rolexsydneyhobart.com. Retrieved 27 June 2024.
  3. ^ "Sydney Harbour National Park". NSW National Parks.
  4. ^ Mayer-Pinto, M.; Johnston, E. L.; Hutchings, P. A.; Marzinelli, E. M.; Ahyong, S. T.; Birch, G.; Booth, D. J.; Creese, R. G.; Doblin, M. A.; Figueira, W.; Gribben, P. E.; Pritchard, T.; Roughan, Steinberg; Steinberg, P. D.; Hedge, L. H. (2015). "Sydney Harbour: a review of anthropogenic impacts on the biodiversity and ecosystem function of one of the world's largest natural harbours" (PDF). Marine and Freshwater Research. 66: 1088–1105. doi:10.1071/MF15157. Retrieved 10 February 2024.
  5. ^ Woollarawarre Bennelong quoted by Governor Arthur Phillip in a despatch to Lord Sydney, 13 February 1790 CO201/5, National Archives, Kew (London)
  6. ^ McDermott, Peter Joseph (6 November 1878). "Pacific Exploration". The Brisbane Courier. Brisbane Newspaper Company Ltd. p. 5. Retrieved 5 November 2008.
  7. ^ a b Champion, Shelagh; Champion, George (1990). "Phillip's First Three Days in Port Jackson: 21st, 22nd and 23rd January 1788". Manly, Warringah and Pittwater: First Fleet Records of Events, 1788–1790 (September 2005 revised ed.). Killarney Heights: Shelagh and George Champion. ISBN 0-9596484-3-7. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2017.
  8. ^ "Letter from Governor Phillip to Lord Sydney (15 May 1788)". Historical Records of New South Wales Vol 1, Part 2 (1783–1792). Charles Potter, Government Printer. 1892. p. 122.
  9. ^ Office of Environment and Heritage. "M24 Japanese Midget Submarine wreck site". State Heritage Inventory Database. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  10. ^ NPWS plaque
  11. ^ Grose, Peter (2007). A Very Rude Awakening: The night the Japanese midget subs came to Sydney Harbour. Allen & Unwin. ISBN 9781741752199.
  12. ^ a b Royal Australian Navy. "RAN Heritage Centre". Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  13. ^ "DECC – Defence heritage in and around Sydney Harbour". Archived from the original on 31 December 2007. Retrieved 1 December 2007.
  14. ^ "heritage.nsw.gov.au".
  15. ^ "Port Jackson". Geographical Names Register (GNR) of NSW. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Retrieved 3 August 2013. Edit this at Wikidata
  16. ^ RAN Hydrographic Services Map of Port Jackson published in August 1972.
  17. ^ "The Sydney Harbour Islands" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 August 2021.
  18. ^ UBD Citylink Street Directory Page 155 Map reference F4
  19. ^ UBD City Link Street Directory Page191 Map Reference A12
  20. ^ "Climate statistics for Sydney Harbour (Wedding Cake West) (1996–present)". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  21. ^ "Climate statistics for Rose Bay (Royal Sydney Golf Club)". Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved 29 October 2020.
  22. ^ "BOM – Manly". May 2020.
  23. ^ "Parramatta River Estuary: Data Compilation and Review Study" (PDF). Parramatta River Estuary Management Committee. July 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2012.
  24. ^ "Sydney Harbour metro tunnelling now complete". Infrastructure Magazine. 19 March 2020. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  25. ^ McNab, Heather (11 January 2017). "Twin tunnels under Sydney Harbour given green light for metro project". The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 18 January 2017.
  26. ^ a b "Sydney Ports".
  27. ^ Australian National Maritime Museum www.anmm.gov.au
  28. ^ Sydney Heritage Fleet
  29. ^ "Emma Johnson(sic) receives Excellence in Biological Sciences Award". Sail-World.com. 20 November 2012. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  30. ^ "Project Restore: restoration of seascapes in Sydney Harbour". UNSW. Centre for Marine Science and Innovation. 30 October 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  31. ^ "THE PROJECT". Project Restore. 22 May 2024. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  32. ^ Pratt, Hope (27 March 2024). "Living Seawalls: the effort to save Sydney Harbour's marine life". City Hub. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  33. ^ "Massive funding boost to support marine biodiversity and restoration". This Week At Macquarie University. 22 August 2022. Retrieved 13 November 2024.
  34. ^ "Fort Denison". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00985. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
  35. ^ "Goat Island". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00989. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
  36. ^ "South Steyne (S.S.)". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H00755. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
  37. ^ "Bradleys Head Light Tower". New South Wales State Heritage Register. Department of Planning & Environment. H01430. Retrieved 18 May 2018. Text is licensed by State of New South Wales (Department of Planning and Environment) under CC BY 4.0 licence.
  38. ^ "Australian Conventional Units of Measurement in Water" (PDF). Australian Water Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on 30 October 2005. Retrieved 10 March 2006.
[edit]
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Sydney Harbour.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Harbour Islands.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sydney Harbour.


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