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Order of the Arrow
Previous NameWimachtendienk Wingolauchsik Witahemui (WWW)
OwnerBoy Scouts of America
Age range11–20 >(Co-ed youth)
21 and over (Co-ed adults)
HeadquartersIrving, Texas
LocationUnited States, Puerto Rico, Japan, Germany, Philippines
CountryUnited States
FoundedJuly 16, 1915 (July 16, 1915)[1]
(109 years, 4 months and 6 days ago)
Founders
Membership
  • 84,707 youth
  • 63,854 adults
  • 271 lodges (2017)[2]
National ChiefDavid Gosik[3]
National Vice ChiefJohn Andrew Segebarth[3]
National ChairmanChris A. Grove[3]
National DirectorCortland Bolles[3]
Website
www.oa-bsa.org
 Scouting portal

The Order of the Arrow (OA), previously known as Wimachtendienk Wingolauchsik Witahemui (WWW) is the honor society of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA),[4] composed of Scouts and Scouters who best exemplify the Scout Oath and Law in their daily lives as elected by their peers. Started as a Camp Fraternity by E. Urner Goodman, with the assistance of Carroll A. Edson, in 1915, its goal was to reinforce the Scout Oath and the Scout Law. Started without approval of Boy Scouts of America (BSA), it became an "Official Experiment" of the Scouting organization. In 1948, following an extensive review, it officially became a program of Boy Scouts of America.

While the OA is not a secret organization, it is an organization with "safeguarded" rituals. There are three main secretive ceremonies for the three levels of the Order: Ordeal, Brotherhood, and Vigil. These ceremonies are usually for recognition of leadership qualities, camping skills, and other Scouting ideals as exemplified by their elected peers. Influenced by Scout camp customs, the OA uses "safeguarded" (privy only to members and legitimately interested adults) symbols, handshakes, and private rituals to impart a sense of community. Since the 1980s, concerned parents, Scout leaders, and religious leaders may review the ceremony through a process set by the Order of the Arrow and parents can refuse for their child to take part in the ceremony as the membership is voluntary.

Inducted members, known as Arrowmen or Brothers (regardless of gender; as BSA and its programs are open to all genders), are organized into local youth-led Lodges that harbor fellowship, promote camping, and render service to Boy Scout councils and their communities. Each lodge corresponds to a BSA council in the area. Lodges are further broken down into chapters, which correspond to a district in Scouting. Members wear identifying insignia on their uniforms, most notably the OA pocket flap that represents their individual OA lodge and the OA sash worn at official OA functions. The OA program sponsors several events, awards, and training functions.

It has foundations influenced by Freemasonry and uses imagery commonly associated with American Indian cultures for its self-invented ceremonies. Native Americans have criticized the OA's various symbols and "rituals" as cultural appropriation based on non-Native stereotypes of American Indians.[5][6]Its Freemason ties have also been source of debates, in spite of its systematic removal of masonic terminology in the 1930s to avoid offending religious groups.

Origins

Main article: History of the Order of the Arrow

The Order of the Arrow was started as a Camp Fraternity by E. Urner Goodman, newly assigned Director of Treasure Island Scout Reservation on the Delaware River and assistant Camp Director Carroll A. Edson under the name of Wimachtendienk Wingolauchsik Witahemui. It was seen as a way to improve the summer camp experience and to encourage older Scouts to continue attending the summer camp. It was not part of Boy Scouts of America at the time. The name was based on the Lënape dialect.[7]

In 1921, the "known" Lodges organized themselves under a Grand Lodge as inspired by the Freemasons. A new Constitution was written and the ceremonies used in the early years were rewritten.[8] The following year, it became an Official Experiment of the Boy Scouts of America.[9]

Throughout the 1930s, the Order of the Arrow went through a full review. The terminology used by the order was slowly replaced to sound less masonic and more Native American. This was a requirement from the Boy Scouts of America who wished to not offend the religious groups that represented almost half of their charter organizations at the time and this needed to happen before the OA could be fully integrated in BSA.[10][11]

By 1948, two-thirds of the BSA's councils had OA Lodges. That same year, it announced at the 1948 NOAC that the Order of the Arrow was integrated as an official part of Boy Scouts of America Program.[12][13]

Membership

More than 160,000 youth and adults are members of the Order of the Arrow as of August 2018.[14] Unit elections of the OA are allowed in Scouts BSA, Venturing, and Sea Scout units.

There are three levels of membership:

  • Ordeal
  • Brotherhood
  • Vigil Honor

Honorary membership was once bestowed in special circumstances, as with Franklin D. Roosevelt and Dwight D. Eisenhower, but this practice was officially discontinued in 1953.[15]

Organization

Original emblem of Unami Lodge, the first OA lodge on a latter pocket flap patch

The Order of the Arrow places great emphasis on being a youth-led organization. Only youth under the age 21 are voting members and are eligible to hold elected offices. Professional and volunteer adults are appointed to non-voting advisory positions at the chapter, lodge, and section levels.

The smallest level of organization in the Order of the Arrow is the chapter. The chapter is usually corresponding to a district in the local council. The chapter is led by the elected youth chapter chief, chapter vice chiefs, secretary, and a volunteer adult is appointed as the adviser, the district executive is the professional (staff) adviser. The chapters often hold monthly or weekly meetings together. The next largest unit of the OA is the lodge, which is chartered by a local BSA council. The lodge chief is the elected youth leader, the lodge adviser is a BSA adult volunteer appointed by the Scout Executive, and the lodge staff adviser is the council Scout executive or his designated council professional Scouter. The lodge youth officers, consisting of the lodge chief, one or more vice chiefs, a secretary, and a treasurer are responsible for organizing and leading the various programs and activities of the lodge.[16] Many lodges have standing committees responsible for ceremonies, service projects, publications, unit elections, camp promotions, and dance teams composed of youth members.[17]

Sections and Conclaves

Lodges are grouped into sections that are then grouped into regions. The section chief is the elected youth leader, a volunteer adult is appointed as the section adviser, and the area director (or his designate) is the professional (staff) adviser. In addition to the section chief, the section has two additional elected officers. The vice chief and secretary are elected immediately following the election of the section chief at the section's annual business meeting. All sections gather annually at a section conclave held in the late spring or early fall. It is the main duty of the section officers to lead the planning of this weekend with the help of the lodge chiefs in the section.[17]

Like the Boy Scouts of America's Areas, The Order of the Arrow was formerly organized into four regions, Central, Southern, Northeast and Western Region; the boundaries of each OA region correspond with the boundaries of the BSA's regions. As of 2021, following the Boy Scouts of America's restructuring of these areas, the OA changed their region boundaries, now having only two. Each region has an elected region chief, a volunteer adult who is appointed as the region chairman to oversee its region Committee, and an appointed professional (staff) adviser, forming a 'Key Three' much like the Lodge and chapter system described above. Each region chief is elected at the national planning meeting the day after the election of the national chief and vice chief by a caucus of the section chiefs from the given region. The members of the region committee consist of the region chief, the region chair, all national committee members from the region, and other appointed adult volunteers. Each region annually has a gathering of all section officers and advisers. As a region, they are trained in topics relevant to their jobs. Each region also provides opportunities for Order of the Arrow members to go through a National Leadership Seminar. This weekend course is highly rated and a lasting memory for many members.[17]

The national chief and the national vice chief are selected by a caucus of the section chiefs at the outset of the Order of the Arrow's national planning meeting. At the national level, the OA is headed by the National Order of the Arrow committee of which the national chief and national vice chief are voting members. The national adult leadership includes the volunteer national chairman and the OA director, a professional Scouter.[17]

Ceremonies and symbols

Main article: Order of the Arrow ceremonies and symbols

Today, the Order of the Arrow is famous within BSA for its uniform symbols. There are two types of symbols:

  • Degree/Honor Symbols that indicate the level of membership in the national Order of the Arrow
  • Lodge Symbols that indicate the membership to a specific local Lodge

The lodge membership often takes center stage over the level of membership on the Scout uniform. The pocket flap is sewn permanently to the shirt pocket itself and is worn even in casual settings while the ribbon or the sash are only used in more formal settings.

Nominees line up behind the fire during a Call-Out in 2016

There are four ceremonies following the Unit Elections of OA candidates:

  • Call-Out or Tapout (public)
  • Induction (Ordeal) (safeguarded)
  • Brotherhood (safeguarded)
  • Vigil Honor (safeguarded)

The requirements to take part in the ceremonies are public but the content of the ceremonies are considered safeguarded and not to be shared with non-members without proper vetting.[18]

Awards

Main article: Order of the Arrow honors and awards
Presentation of the Annual Report to President Trump in 2020, with a Scout wearing the Vigil Honor white sash

Awards are separate and distinct from the membership levels of Ordeal and Brotherhood. Awards available through the Order of the Arrow include:

  • Vigil Honor
  • Founder's Award
  • Distinguished Service Award
  • Lifetime Achievement Award
  • Red Arrow Award
  • E. Urner Goodman Camping Award.[19]

Events

The national OA committee also sponsors various national service opportunities, the oldest of which is the National OA Service Corps at the national Scout jamborees, at which Arrowmen have helped with many functions including shows and the Outdoor Adventure Program exhibit.[20]

Firm Bound in Brotherhood song

Ceremonies also utilize the OA Song, commonly referred to by its first line of lyrics as "Firm Bound in Brotherhood", and titled "Order of the Arrow Official Song" and "The Order of the Arrow Song" in the printed music score of official OA publications.[21][22][23] It was written in 1921 by OA founder E. Urner Goodman to the Russian hymn tune "God Save the Tsar!" (Боже, Царя храни!), composed by Alexei Lvov in 1833.[24][25][26]

High Adventure Program

Two Arrowmen working on a trail in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness.

The Order of the Arrow sponsors service groups to the four National High Adventure Bases that focus on conservation. Inspired by three gentlemen, Edward Pease, Eugene "Gene" Schnell and Marty Tschetter, who gathered at a leadership summit at Philmont Scout Ranch in 1979, the Order of the Arrow High Adventure program was established. It originally started with the Order of the Arrow Trail Crew at the Philmont Scout Ranch working to build new trails and repair old ones. This expanded to the Northern Tier National High Adventure Bases with the OA Wilderness Voyage, repairing the portage trails in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, and then to Florida National High Adventure Sea Base in 2005 with Ocean Adventure, which works to remove invasive species on some of the Keys and promoting and carrying out of the Bleach watch program in the Florida Keys. After the addition of the third High Adventure Base, the Order of the Arrow implemented the OA Triple Crown Award in the summer of 2009, the OA began the OA Canadian Odyssey program which provided service similar to the OA Wilderness Voyage to the Quetico Provincial Park. In 2014, The Summit Bechtel Family National Scout Reserve began hosting the Order of the Arrow Summit Experience[27] which gives service to the New River Gorge National River.

National Order of the Arrow Conference

Main article: List of Order of the Arrow national events

The National Order of the Arrow Conference (NOAC) is a multi-day event which usually takes place on a university campus, bringing together thousands of delegates from OA lodges around the nation for training and activities. NOACs are held every two years, with exceptions made to align the event with significant anniversaries. As a youth-led organization, these national conferences are organized and directed by the elected section and region youth officers, who serve on committees responsible for various conference aspects under the leadership of the conference vice-chief. Events include training for programs, leadership and American Indian culture; competitions in athletics, ceremonies, cooking and American Indian dances; and exhibits on OA history, outdoor activities, and camping. There are also opportunities to talk with national leaders, perform service work and trade patches. Evening shows have different themes, including American Indian culture and recognition of dance competition winners, presentations of awards including the OA Distinguished Service Award and other entertainment.[20]

Training

In addition to training courses available at a NOAC or section conclave, the OA offers specialized leadership training as weekend events for members: Lodge Leadership Development (LLD), National Leadership Seminars (NLS), and National Lodge Adviser Training Seminar (NLATS). LLD is a one-day or two-day event conducted by a lodge to train their officers and advisers. NLS's are conducted by regions for lodge officers and advisers. Many lodges send key officers to receive training. Typically, each region schedules three or four NLS weekends annually, at geographically dispersed locations within the region. NLATS is a training event for adults, usually held in conjunction with an NLS and conducted by regions, on the role of advisers in the OA.[28]

Largely considered the adult equivalent of the NLS program, NLATS's primary objective was to provide advanced training to adults in each lodge. NLATS and NLS usually happened concurrently on the same weekend. The events were planned and executed by a staff of adults. After successful pilots in 2016, the Developing Youth Leadership Conference curriculum began replacing NLATS in early 2017.[29]

Use and appropriation of Native American cultures

1969 Order of the Arrow Brotherhood Card featuring a drawing of a Native American Chief

Goodman and Edson, the founders of the Order of the Arrow, opted to portray what they saw as Native American characteristics "as a sign of scouting excellence",[30] and that the imagery, costuming, titles and imitation rituals "evoked a primitivist exterior Indian Other, vanished from the modern world but still accessible through ritual and its accompanying objects."[30] Goodman and Edson established the OA at Treasure Island Scout Reservation as a Scouting honor society "based on a loose interpretation of" Hiawatha and the novel The Last of the Mohicans. Inductions of new OA members at Treasure Island involved OA members meeting around bonfires in "ritual Indian costume".[30]

In the later twentieth century and beyond, the Order of the Arrow has been protested and criticized for engaging in cultural appropriation[31][32][33][30] and spreading stereotypes of, and racism against, Native Americans.[34][35] Protester concerns include OA's imitation of Native American ceremonies, regalia, and artwork they consider to be offensive.[34][36][33][32]

The Chief Seattle Council of the BSA has written that modern ceremonies conducted by each OA lodge are "influenced by" the history and traditions of the Native American tribes indigenous to the areas the lodge serves,[37] but use of Native American sacred objects by non-Native groups such as the Boy Scouts has been condemned by Native activists.[31][32][33] Mother of former Scouts Ozheebeegay Ikwe writes, "While native children in residential schools had their culture and language beaten from them, the Boy Scouts were using the language and their version of 'Indian culture' in their OA ceremony."[38] She called the OA's use of headdresses, face paint, eagle feathers, and dancing with a pipe, "downright offensive". After researching the OA and watching their ceremonies she said, "Use of these items by Boy Scouts indicates that there is very little understanding of the Native people they claim to admire and respect."[38] American anthropologist John H. Moore, an expert on North American Indian ethnology, wrote in an essay published in 1998 that "of all the institutions in American society, the Boy Scouts of America have probably done the most damage in miseducating the public about Native American cultures...[the] Order of the Arrow annually initiates thousands of boys into the martial, romantic version of Indian culture through ceremonies drawn from the writings of Longfellow and James Fenimoore Cooper".[39]

David Prochaska, professor in the University of Illinois History Department states the Order of the Arrow is one element that "exemplifies the much larger phenomenon of 'playing Indian'...Boy Scouts, Eagle Scouts, Order of the Arrow. Order of Red Men. Campfire Girls. Woodcraft. Boston Tea Party. 'White Indians' – white New Agers as Native American 'wannabes.' ... To pursue the argument a step further, what is 'playing Indian,' 'playing Native,' 'playing an Other,' all about? It is about play, for one thing, in the sense of dressing up, masquerade, the Bakhtinian carnivalesque...It is also about appropriation, in the sense of taking on, assuming an other's identity, taking another's identity. The implication here is replacing one with another, silencing another, speaking for another."[40]

Arrowmen wearing Native American headdresses at the OA Call Out at Kia Kima Scout Reservation in July 2012

Simon Mayo-Smith, a journalist and citizen of the Oglala Lakota Nation explains the concern of using Native American Headpieces:
“The headdress is reserved for our revered elders who, through their selflessness and leadership, have earned the right to wear one. It’s a spiritual garb, not just cultural; it’s not merely an addition to one’s attire. Wearing one, even an imitation headdress, belittles what our elders have spent a lifetime to earn.”[41]

On July 23, 2018, the National Order of the Arrow Committee announced that they had received "many complaints surrounding these ceremonies from various American Indian tribes due to the manner in which they are conducted as well as the inconsistent nature in which they are performed."[42] In 2019, the rules were changed: "Scouts will no longer be allowed to dress up as 'Indians' and incorporate Native American motifs into two of the order's more important ceremonies", according to the Voice of America, which noted also that "in spite of complaints from tribes across the country, Scouts continue to dress in 'Redface,' a term some use to describe the wearing of feathers and warpaint by non-Native Americans."[5] In 2023, amid a backlash against stereotypes of Native Americans, the BSA held a survey among its members about whether to eliminate or alter the rituals, including those for the OA.[6]

On December 23, 2023, the national Order of the Arrow leadership announced: "American Indian Activities (dancing, drumming, and crafts) will not be a part of the program at the 2024 National OA Conference." And, "There is not a single entity that speaks for the 574 federally recognized tribes/Indian nations across the United States and it is impossible for us to gain consensus amongst all the tribes/Indian nations. As a result, national-level American Indian programming is not appropriate."[43]

In 2024, issuance of American Indian Vigil Honor names will stop and competitions, training and other programs will be discontinued at the section and national level in 2025. The practice will remain open at the local level until January 1, 2026. At that time, "only lodges that have a formal relationship established with a state or federally recognized tribe in their area may engage in American Indian programming." Additional guidance on this last item will be distributed by December 2024 and additional training will be issued throughout 2025."Policy Update: Changes Regarding American Indian Programming | Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America". oa-bsa.org. September 24, 2024. Retrieved November 8, 2024.</ref>

Recent Freemasonry debate

As evident in the history of the Order of the Arrow, the organization started with a large influence of Freemasonry. In the 1930s, it underwent a replacement of the Masonic vocabulary to avoid offending religious groups, including the Catholic Church and some protestant denominations who have long-standing concerns with Freemasonry.[11] Since then, the OA has grown to be an important part of the Boy Scouts of America throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. However, the debate about its relationship with Freemasonry is not over.

Those who put forward this idea believe that the Order of the Arrow is still today a Masonic organization and has not shed its Masonic nature. Several articles have been published since the 1990s expending on this idea. They point to the history of the OA and the current similarities that persist between Freemasonry and the present-day Order of the Arrow in its organization, secret ceremonies, and other rituals:

  • Freemasonry, Scouting and the Order of the Arrow by S.M. Adkins[44] with two follow-up articles titled Following Arrows[45] and Yes, Virginia, it was called the 'Blood Rite'.[46]
  • Freemasonry Has Infiltrated the Boy Scouts? by John Salza which provides a Catholic specific perspective[47]
  • The Order of the Arrow, Another Mason Ritual? by John R. Goodwin[48]
  • Scouting and Freemasons in Freemasons for Dummies by Christopher Hodapp[49]

OA acknowledges past Masonic influence

The Order of the Arrow has not addressed directly the question of its present ties to Freemasonry. But on its official website, the OA does not shy away from its past by using the old Masonic terminology similar in a historical context and acknowledging that this terminology may well have come from the Masonic fraternal system:
"In 1921 Wimachtendienk, W.W. (a common way at the time of referring to what we know as the Order of the Arrow) was ready to have a national structure. Patterned similar to the Freemasons, it was decided that each lodge would become a member of the Grand Lodge."[50]

"The usage of the term “Grand Lodge” appears to have come from the Masonic fraternal system that also calls their national organization a The Grand Lodge."[51]

It also acknowledges that it was required to change this terminology in the 1930s:
"As part of the agreement made by the OA National Executive Committee with the BSA to become an official part of the Boy Scout program the OA agreed to change certain terminology effective January 1, 1935 (although not disseminated to local lodges until April 23, 1935). The BSA was concerned about heavy reliance on Masonic fraternal terms in the Order. So the term “lodge” which is what Masons call their local groupings was replaced with the word “tribe”. Instead of Unami Lodge and Owasippe Lodge, they became Unami Tribe and Owasippe Tribe. Likewise the Masons use of the term “Grand” to describe their highest governing body was changed to “National”. Thus the OA’s Grand Lodge would become known as the National Tribe and the Grand Chieftain would become known as the National Chieftain. Similarly, the term “Degree” became “Honor” and the term “Password” became “Admonition”. The term “Manitou” referring to a deity was completely eliminated from ceremonies, this being done to satisfy religious groups concerns."[52]

Addressing concerns from adults

The OA also recognizes and respects the right of any parent, Scout leader and religious leader to have questions about the OA and its safeguarded ceremonies prior to a scout joining the organization. It provides a formal process to answer these questions with the lodge adviser or his designee. If questions remain after this meeting, the adults will be permitted to read the current ceremony text used in the Ordeal to make an informed decision. As scouts are minors, parents have the final say to allow or disallow their child to join the organization. Some exceptions can also be granted to allow parents to attend the ceremony itself under certain conditions.[53]

See also: Papal ban of Freemasonry and Christian attitudes towards Freemasonry

Criticism of election procedures as a popularity contest

Elections to the Order of the Arrow have sparked controversy as being little more than popularity contests, especially in troops where Scouts attend the same schools and are friends outside of the troop. As such, deserving Scouts who are not popular among their troop mates frequently remain excluded from the Order of the Arrow. In larger troops, the election of younger Scouts almost never occurs since older Scouts dominate the troop leadership and will frequently only elect their peers rather than Scouts who are several years younger. The Chairman of the Order of the Arrow acknowledged in 2011 that elections were a challenge, and that steps had been taken for adult leaders to make a greater effort to convey the serious nature of Order of the Arrow membership to members of the troop.[54]

Old concerns

This concern about Fraternities being cliques and excluding some had already been brought up back in 1922 before the Order of the Arrow was even part of Boy Scouts of America. During the Second Biennial Conference of the Boy Scout Executives in the debate about secrets societies within BSA camps by Dr. Tinney of Little Rock, AR stated this:

I happen to be an ex-fraternity man. I have had experience where every boy in the camp is not given the opportunity - mind you I say the opportunity - to join that fraternity, which is certainly opposed to the idea of Scouting. If every man in camp is given that chance and not just a clique or coterie who call themselves together and form a fraternity, perhaps it might work advantageously.[55]

During this same conference, E. Urner Goodman had defended Camp Fraternities and opposed a possible blanket ban on these.[55] The Order of the Arrow would end up becoming an "Official Experiment" at the same conference.[56]

Further information: History of the Order of the Arrow § BSA's concerns about camp fraternities

Today

Today, the Order of the Arrow provides guidance to OA leaders in an effort to mitigate this issue. The OA Unit Election Handbook covers this in their Frequently Asked Questions:

How do you keep the elections from being a popularity contest? Some Scouts who meet the requirements and definitely have the qualities of a true Scout are not elected. They meet the qualifications year after year. Even the other Scouts are surprised certain Scouts are never elected.[57]

OA Representatives organizing the elections are requested to read the following statement to the troop:

An Order of the Arrow election is not a popularity contest. We ask you not to vote for a Scout just because they are your friend, or because they are a good athlete, or because they are older. We ask you to vote for those you believe are best at following the Scout Oath and Law.[58]

Sash and Dash

The Order of the Arrow has the exclusive use of the right pocket flap for its colorful patch extremely popular among Scouts. This has led to a phenomenon known as "Sash and Dash", sometimes called "patch and Dash",[59] which has been a source of problem for the Order of the Arrow.[60] It refers to Arrowmen who have gone through the election by their peers as well as the Ordeal and wearing the patch and/or sash but are never seen again. They do not participate in any Lodge events. The Order of the Arrow acknowledges the problem and has attempted to resolve the issue by providing training to retain active members.[61]

References

  1. ^ "NOAC 1998 Memories: A Life of Service". Order of the Arrow. August 4, 1998. Archived from the original on November 26, 2010. Retrieved July 17, 2012.
  2. ^ "2017 Annual Report" (PDF). Order of the Arrow.
  3. ^ a b c d "National Order of the Arrow Leadership". Order of the Arrow. Retrieved December 28, 2021.
  4. ^ "Scouting's National Honor Society – Fact Sheet" (PDF). Order of the Arrow, BSA. 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 25, 2021. Retrieved April 21, 2020.
  5. ^ a b Hilleary, Cecily (August 5, 2019). "Native Americans to Boy Scouts: Stop Plundering Our Past". Voice of America. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  6. ^ a b Brewer, Graham Lee (April 18, 2023). "Long accused of Indigenous misappropriation, Boy Scouts ask if it's time to change". NBC News. Retrieved June 28, 2023.
  7. ^ Order of the Arrow Handbook. Boy Scouts of America. 1977. ISBN 0-8395-5000-6.
  8. ^ "History - Grand Lodge Changes Ceremonies". Order of the Arrow. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  9. ^ "History - WWW Becomes Official BSA Experiment". Order of the Arrow. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  10. ^ Boy Scouts of America (1929). Annual Report of the Boy Scouts of America. United States of America: Boy Scouts of America. p. 153.
  11. ^ a b "History - OA Obligation Timeline". Order of the Arrow. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  12. ^ Lindgren, Jim (January–February 2007). "Honoring a Legacy of Service". Scouting. Archived from the original on July 5, 2008. Retrieved October 20, 2007.
  13. ^ "OA Basics: The Order of the Arrow is Scouting's National Honor Society". Order of the Arrow. Archived from the original on October 14, 2007. Retrieved October 12, 2007.
  14. ^ "Membership". Boy Scouts of America. 2019. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  15. ^ Davis, Kenneth P (1990). The Brotherhood of Cheerful Service: A History of the Order of the Arrow. Irving, Texas: Boy Scouts of America. ISBN 0-8395-4998-9.
  16. ^ Order of the Arrow Guide for Officers and Advisers (PDF). Order of the Arrow. p. 8. Archived (PDF) from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved April 3, 2019.
  17. ^ a b c d "Field Operations Guide" (PDF). Order of the Arrow. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 27, 2009. Retrieved December 4, 2008.
  18. ^ "Safeguarded Material | Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America".
  19. ^ Scholarships, Grants and Prizes 2007. Peterson's. 2007. p. 494. ISBN 978-0-7689-2314-8. Archived from the original on November 7, 2021. Retrieved November 18, 2020.
  20. ^ a b "National OA Events". Order of the Arrow. Archived from the original on March 1, 2009. Retrieved February 9, 2009.
  21. ^ "Order of the Arrow Handbook Foreward". Order of the Arrow. January 1965. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  22. ^ Ceremony for the Brotherhood. Boy Scouts of America. 1999. p. 18. 34994A.
  23. ^ Ceremony for the Ordeal. Boy Scouts of America. 1999. p. 14.
  24. ^ Block, Nelson (2000). A Thing of the Spirit, The Life of E. Urner Goodman. Boy Scouts of America.
  25. ^ Sanchez, Diana (1989). The Hymns of the United Methodist Hymnal. Nashville, Tennessee: Abingdon Press. ISBN 0-687-43149-2.
  26. ^ "Order of the Arrow Song". Tiwahe Lodge. Retrieved March 14, 2024.
  27. ^ High Adventure Service: OA Summit Experience Archived April 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved August 5, 2016
  28. ^ "OA Training Central". Order of the Arrow, Boy Scouts of America. Archived from the original on April 3, 2013. Retrieved March 5, 2013.
  29. ^ Coutteau, Chuck. "Developing Youth Leaders Conference". Order of the Arrow. Archived from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved February 9, 2017.
  30. ^ a b c d Deloria, Philip J. (1999). Playing Indian. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 105, 108, 126–7, 165, et al. ISBN 9780300080674. Archived from the original on June 8, 2021. Retrieved February 28, 2019.
  31. ^ a b "LETTER: Boy Scouts on campus demonstrate insensitivity to Native American traditions". The State News. Archived from the original on June 29, 2019. Retrieved March 6, 2019.
  32. ^ a b c Argillander, Matthew (August 15, 2015). "Indigenous Grad Students Protest Boy Scouts". PopularResistance.org. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019.
  33. ^ a b c Kader, Charles (August 25, 2015). "Boy Scouts Playing Indians". Indian Country Today. Archived from the original on September 25, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  34. ^ a b Brantmeier, Edward J. (August 1, 2002). "Scout Gathering Allows Stereotypes of American Indians to be Repeated". The Herald-Times. Archived from the original on September 30, 2011. Retrieved July 2, 2009.(subscription required)
  35. ^ Keene, Adrienne (October 1, 2013). "The one stop for all your 'Indian costumes are racist' needs!". Native Appropriations. Archived from the original on March 6, 2019. Retrieved March 4, 2019. No, you can't wear your Boy Scout Order of the Arrow regalia, even if a "real Indian" taught you how to make it. It's not respectful to wear it as a costume, and I'll argue that it's not respectful for you to wear it ever.
  36. ^ "Daily Local News". WFHB Firehouse Broadcasting (Podcast). WFHB Community Radio. July 14, 2009. Archived from the original on July 19, 2009. Retrieved July 27, 2009.
  37. ^ "What is the Order of the Arrow?" (PDF). Chief Seattle Council, Boy Scouts of America. 2009. pp. 6, 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 7, 2017. Retrieved November 2, 2017.
  38. ^ a b Ikwe, Ozheebeegay. "Boys Scouts Order of the Arrow Guilty of Cultural Appropriation". Last Real Indians. Archived from the original on April 3, 2019. Retrieved July 1, 2019.
  39. ^ Moore, John H. (1998). "Truth and Tolerance in Native American Epistemology". In Thornton, Russell (ed.). Studying Native America: Problems and Prospects. U of Wisconsin P. pp. 271–305. ISBN 9780299160647.
  40. ^ King, C. Richard; Springwood, Charles Fruehling (2001). Team Spirits: The Native American Mascots Controversy. U of Nebraska Press. p. 166. ISBN 978-0803277984.
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