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Orchard Beach (Bronx)

Coordinates: 40°52′02″N 73°47′33″W / 40.8673°N 73.7925°W / 40.8673; -73.7925
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Orchard Beach
Beach
Panoramic view of Orchard Beach, facing from the bathhouse pavilion
Panoramic view of Orchard Beach, facing from the bathhouse pavilion
Map
Coordinates: 40°52′02″N 73°47′33″W / 40.8673°N 73.7925°W / 40.8673; -73.7925
LocationThe Bronx, New York
Area
 • Total115-acre (47 ha)
Dimensions
 • Length1.1 miles (1.8 km)
Patrolled byNew York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Public transit accessBus: Bx12, Bx29

Orchard Beach (sometimes called the Bronx Riviera) is the only public beach in the New York City borough of the Bronx. The 115-acre (47 ha), 1.1-mile-long (1.8 km) beach is part of Pelham Bay Park and is situated on the western end of Long Island Sound. The beach consists of a 13-section sandy shorefront, a hexagonal-block promenade, and a central pavilion with food stores and specialty shops. The recreational facilities include two playgrounds, two picnic areas, a large parking lot, and 26 courts for basketball, volleyball, and handball. It is operated by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation.

Orchard Beach was built as part of Pelham Bay Park and was originally located on the eastern shore of Rodman's Neck peninsula. In the 1930s, New York City parks commissioner Robert Moses announced a project to expand Orchard Beach northward by connecting several islands in Pelham Bay Park via landfill. The expanded beach was dedicated in 1936 and opened in 1937, along with its pavilion and concession stands. Renovations to the beachfront were made in subsequent years. Sand was restored to the beach in 1964 and again in 1995. The promenade and bathhouse were designated as a city landmark by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2006.

Description

[edit]
Orchard Beach promenade, built in the 1930s

Orchard Beach is in the eastern section of Pelham Bay Park in the northeastern Bronx[1][2] and is the Bronx's only public beach.[3] An icon of the Bronx, Orchard Beach is sometimes called the Bronx Riviera[3][4][5][6] or Hood Beach.[6] The 1.1-mile-long (1.8 km), 115-acre (47 ha)[7] beach faces the Long Island Sound and is laid out in a crescent shape with a width of 200 feet (61 m) during high tide.[8] The modern beach was designed by Aymar Embury II, working with consulting landscape architects Gilmore David Clarke and Michael Rapuano.[9][10]

Orchard Beach contains a 1,400-foot-long (430 m), 250-foot-wide (76 m) center mall connecting the bathhouses and boating lagoon. At the time of opening, there were also nine baseball diamonds, seven football fields, 32 tennis courts, a children's playground, and a field house.[11] When the beach opened it contained a pavilion with two bathhouses, as well as a cafeteria, a small-boat lagoon, a 5,400-person locker and dressing facility, and two parking lots with a collective 8,000 spots.[11][12] The beach could host up to 100,000 bathers simultaneously;[13] the bathhouses alone could fit six or seven thousand bathers.[13][14] The modern beach contains the Orchard Beach Nature Center, as well as two playgrounds, some basketball courts, some handball courts, and three tennis courts.[1][15]

South of the beach is a 25-acre (10 ha) meadow that hosts the only known population of the moth species Amphipoea erepta ryensis.[16][17][18] Another population formerly existed in Rye, Westchester County.[19][20]

Bathhouse

[edit]

The bathhouse, designed by Embury, is composed of a raised plaza flanked by two pavilions to the north and south.[21][22] From the mall on the west, a broad staircase rises to the raised plaza.[23] The raised plaza contains bluestone tile pavements. The center of the plaza originally had a large fountain, which was removed in 1941 and replaced with a compass made of granite, bluestone, and slate. At the eastern end of the plaza is a curving concrete wall, with two staircases to the north and south, which lead to a lower terrace and the beachfront promenade. The staircases contain granite steps and concrete balustrades.[24] The lower terrace, east of the pavilions, had trees as well as a dance floor and a bandstand that were later removed.[13] The lower terrace level contains concession windows beneath the curved wall of the raised plaza.[25]

The pavilions are made mostly in red brick and concrete, with various details made of stone, terracotta, and metal. The ground story of each pavilion is at the level of the beach, while the second story is at the same level as the raised entry plaza.[26] Each pavilion has a rectangular, concrete waiting structure facing the entry plaza. There are tall openings on all sides of each waiting structure, with metal grilles in the upper portions of each opening. Inside each pavilion are terrazzo floors. The viewing balconies originally contained brass lighting, benches, and telephone booths.[24] There are blue and white tiles inside the pavilions;[27] the lowest 6 feet (1.8 m) of each pavilion's walls are clad with blue tiles. The remainders of the walls, as well as the ceilings, are made of concrete.[24]

The waiting structures connect to outdoor concourses that slope down toward the former locker rooms. Adjacent to each concourse are one-story concrete buildings, which originally distributed towels, bathing suits, and other swim gear. The concessions windows of these one-story structures contain several metal roll-down gates as well as steel canopies.[26] At the end of each concourse, there is a freestanding brick barrier with a semicircular niche that originally housed a fountain. Access to the locker rooms was through either side of each brick barrier. The locker wings contain brick walls and also contain exits facing the promenade to the east.[28]

East of the waiting structures and locker areas, each pavilion contains curved loggias facing the beach to the east. The loggias are supported by square concrete columns supporting concrete friezes.[27][25] The friezes carry a Greek fret motif.[27] Inside each loggia are viewing balconies with terrazzo floors and ornamental iron handrails.[25] These viewing balconies contain blue-tiled walls, similar to those in the waiting structures, although these walls contain portholes at regular intervals.[27][25] Spiral stairs from the viewing balconies lead down to the beach levels.[25] The ground levels of the curved loggias are made of brick segmental arches.[26]

Promenade

[edit]

For its entire length, the beach is also fronted by a 50-foot-wide (15 m) promenade with hexagonal gray tiles.[29] Four brick utility buildings were built along the promenade: two each to the north and south of the bathhouse pavilion.[13] The utility buildings are set back from the promenade. There are metal railings, cast-iron lampposts, concrete water fountains, and benches along the promenade's length. Polygonal-shaped platforms are at each end of the promenade.[30] At the north end of the promenade is a fence that separates the promenade's end from a rock shelf. The shoreline then curves north, following the old boundary of the former Twin Islands.[31]

History

[edit]

Creation

[edit]
Aerial view of Orchard Beach
Campsite in 1912

The New York City government acquired the land for Pelham Bay Park in 1887, and the park was officially established in 1888.[32] In early 1902, in order to accommodate vacationers, the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation removed two former houses in Pelham Bay Park and used the remaining wood to build free bathhouses, which were used by about 700 bathers per day during that summer.[33]: 116 (PDF p.85)  Around 1903, the nearby Hunter Island became a popular summer vacation destination.[34][2]

Due to overcrowding on Hunter Island, NYC Parks opened a campsite in 1905 at Rodman's Neck southwest of the island, with 100 bathhouses.[2][35][36][37] At the time, Orchard Beach was a tiny recreational area on the northeast tip of Rodman's Neck.[38] Orchard Beach was extended by 400 feet (120 m) that year, doubling capacity, and a "comfort station" or restroom was added.[37] By 1912, Orchard Beach saw an average of 2,000 visitors on summer weekdays and 5,000 visitors on summer weekends.[35] The beach was a popular destination for summer vacationers.[10]

Robert Moses expansion

[edit]

The current Orchard Beach recreational area was created through the efforts of Robert Moses in 1934, and was built along with the Split Rock golf course.[39][9] Fiorello La Guardia had become the mayor of New York City and named Moses as the city's Parks Commissioner.[40] Immediately after his position was announced, Moses ordered engineers to inventory every park in the city to see what needed renovating.[41] He devised plans for a new Orchard Beach recreation area after he saw the popularity of the Hunter Island campsite.[2] At the time, the beach was a narrow sand bar connecting Hunter Island and Rodman's Neck. There was a retaining wall behind the sand bar, and breakwaters allowed water from the Long Island Sound to pass through the sand bar. The retaining wall frequently flooded at high tide, which made the sand bar effectively unusable most of the time.[41] There were approximately 600 families using the bungalows near the sand bar, as well as 30-foot-high (9.1 m) bathhouses made of granite pavers.[42]

On February 28, 1934, Moses announced a plan for an upgraded beach at Pelham Bay, which had been inspired by the design of Jones Beach on Long Island.[43] The beach would be reconstructed through the Works Progress Administration (WPA) under the 1930s New Deal program, along with another project to construct the nearby Pelham Bay Golf Course.[44][39][45] Moses canceled 625 camping leases in March 1934 so the beach could be built on the land.[46] Most of the campers were connected to the Tammany Hall political structure that had ruled the city at one point.[47] Campers protested to the mayor but to no avail.[48] Campers subsequently filed a lawsuit against the city, which concerned Moses's right to cancel the leases. The courts ruled in favor of the city in May 1934,[49] and the site was cleared of campers in June.[50]

Facing south

To make the beach longer and more perfectly crescent-shaped, Moses decided that Hunter Island and the Twin Islands be connected to Rodman's Neck by filling in most of LeRoy's Bay, located west of Hunter Island.[38] The deteriorated Hunter Mansion was demolished with the construction of the beach.[51] The beach project involved filling in approximately 110 acres (45 ha) of LeRoy's and Pelham Bays with landfill,[21] followed by a total of 4,000,000 cubic yards (3,100,000 m3) of sand brought by barge from Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and the Rockaway Peninsula in Queens.[52][53] Moses had originally wanted to use sand for the new land, but thought that waste from the New York City Department of Sanitation would be cheaper to use, so the material of choice was switched to landfill.[52] Work on placing the fill began in early 1935, but officials opposed the use of garbage to fill in the land.[54] The landfill was placed among Rodman's Neck, the Twin Islands, and Hunter Island.[54][11] After the garbage began washing onto the beach through the as-yet-incomplete seawall, work on the filling operation was halted. The board allocated $500,000 (equivalent to $11,100,000 in 2023) for 1,700,000 cubic yards (1,300,000 m3) of sand, and the rest of the land reclamation project was done using sand from Sandy Hook and the Rockaways.[52] The sand-filling operations officially began in April 1936.[55] Two seawalls were built: one made of boulders on the east side of the fill facing Pelham Bay, and a smaller wall on the west side facing LeRoy's Bay, now a lagoon.[52] The fill was then landscaped with flowers, shrubs, and various genera of trees, while the naturally planted chestnut, oak, hickory, black locust, and black cherry trees on either side of the fill were kept as is.[13]

The beach was dedicated in July 1936[9][11] despite only being partially complete.[3][56] The dedication attracted an estimated 18,000 beach-goers.[56] Orchard Beach was set to open along with the upgraded Jacob Riis Park in Queens on June 19, 1937,[11] but the openings were pushed back due to unfinished work.[57] Both beaches were opened on June 25, 1937,[58] the day after the opening of the Crotona Park Play Center.[10] The opening was marked by a fireworks display that drew 15,000 spectators.[58][59] The bathhouse pavilion at Pelham Bay Park also opened that year.[11][22] Orchard Beach was completed in 1938.[3] Later that year, the bathhouse and beach were damaged by a hurricane.[13] Sewage from nearby City Island also seeped onto the beach, and Moses was threatening to close the beach until the city agreed to build a new sewage pipe for the island.[60]

Later changes

[edit]

20th century

[edit]

In 1939, one year after the beach was completed, there were plans to expand the beach. The southern locker room was the first to be renovated, with a 150-foot (46 m) extension in 1939.[13][61] Work was halted from 1941 to 1945 due to World War II.[61] The water between Hunter and Twin Islands was filled in during 1946 and 1947, with new jetties at each end of the beach. The promenade was extended over the fill, gaining its current hexagonal tiles as well as refurbished concession buildings.[62] The extension, opened in May 1947,[2][63] consisted of 7 acres (2.8 ha) of new land and 5 acres (2.0 ha) of restored beach.[64] Further improvements were made to the bathhouse pavilion in 1952 and to the northern jetty in 1955.[62] Some ticket windows were installed in 1958,[28] and a new concession stand was added north of the pavilion in 1962.[62] The beach was renovated starting in 1964.[65]

A proposal for a 3,300-seat outdoor theater at Pelham Bay Park, replacing Orchard Beach's northern locker facility, was canceled in 1974 due to community opposition.[66] In 1980, NYC Parks proposed a renovation of the beach for its 50th anniversary.[62] By then, the beach had become so rundown that there was garbage covering much of the sand, and there were prostitutes and gamblers along the promenade.[67] The $1 million renovation of the pavilions (equivalent to $2,780,000 in 2023) was completed by 1986. After the renovation, the pavilions contained some shops and fast food, with a nature center and museum planned for the buildings.[68] In 1985, parts of Orchard Beach, as well as three other city beaches and Central Park's Sheep Meadow, were designated as "quiet zones" where loud radio-playing was prohibited.[69][70]

A second renovation of Orchard Beach started in 1995, with a new sand-filling project to replace the sand that had been lost since the last such project in 1964.[71] Gandhi Engineering oversaw the restoration of the pavilion.[14] Around the same time, a proposal for a water park at Orchard Beach was revealed as part of a plan to bring visitors back to the beach.[72] That proposal was effectively canceled in 1999 due to large opposition from City Island residents.[73]

21st century

[edit]

In the mid-2000s, as part of the city's ultimately unsuccessful bid for the 2012 Summer Olympics, several facilities in Pelham Bay Park were proposed for upgrades. The city had planned to renovate the beach's pavilion at a cost of $23 million, with the south wing being used for fencing and the north wing for swimming and water polo.[74] Both the pavilions and the beach were designated as landmarks by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission in 2006.[22] The deteriorating 170,000-square-foot (16,000 m2) eastern bathhouse pavilion, which had been neglected since the 1970s,[75] was closed in 2007[76] and fenced off in 2009.[77] The similarly sized west bathhouse started undergoing $7 million in repairs.[77] In 2010, construction began on extending the jetty at Orchard Beach. Approximately 250,000 to 268,000 cubic yards (191,000 to 205,000 m3) of sand were pumped onto the beach to replace sand lost over the years.[78][79] The jetty project cost $13 million, of which the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) paid $7 million and NYC Parks paid $6 million.[78][79]

Proposals to renovate Orchard Beach's bathhouse pavilions surfaced in the late 2010s,[80] and some funding was provided starting in 2016;[81] The next year, $50 million had been procured to fund the full renovation of the pavilion;[76] by January 2019, there was $75 million available for the renovation.[80] In mid-2020, a drive-in movie theater was set up at Orchard Beach's parking lot.[82][83] Plans for the renovation had been paused during the COVID-19 pandemic, but Marvel Architects resumed planning for the renovation in May 2021.[84] The work includes new ramps and concessions and was to be finished in 2023[85] or 2024.[86] Following an influx of asylum seekers to New York City in mid-2022, city officials announced that September that they would construct temporary housing for asylum seekers within Orchard Beach's parking lot.[87][88] After the parking lot flooded during a minor rainstorm that October, the migrant center was relocated to Randalls Island.[89][90]

Transportation

[edit]
Orchard Beach Bus Terminal in 2022

MTA Regional Bus Operations's Bx12 bus serves Orchard Beach during summer weekends.[91] The Bx29 bus to City Island runs nearby year-round.[92] The New York City Subway's Pelham Bay Park station, serving the 6 and <6>​ trains, is across the Hutchinson River.[93]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Pelham Bay Park Map (PDF) (Map). Friends of Pelham Bay Park. February 2014. Archived from the original (PDF) on March 21, 2021. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c d e "Orchard Beach". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on November 20, 2016. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  3. ^ a b c d Jackson 2010, p. 958.
  4. ^ "HuffPost Arts & Culture: Bronx Riviera Photos Perfectly Capture New York's Summer Spirit". Huffington Post. August 20, 2013. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014. Retrieved March 25, 2014.
  5. ^ Lawrence, Wayne (October 2013). Orchard Beach: The Bronx Riviera. Prestel Publishing.
  6. ^ a b "The Bronx Riviera: Life at the 'hood beach' – in pictures". The Guardian. October 14, 2013. Archived from the original on January 27, 2019. Retrieved June 6, 2018.
  7. ^ Jackson 2010, p. 957–958.
  8. ^ Caro 1974, p. 508.
  9. ^ a b c Forero, Juan (July 9, 2000). "Slice of the Riviera, With a Familiar Bronx Twist". The New York Times. Archived from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved August 15, 2009.
  10. ^ a b c Robins 2017, p. 211.
  11. ^ a b c d e f "Two New Beaches to Open Saturdays; Orchard, in Pelham Bay Park, Although Not Completed, Will Be Ready for Bathers" (PDF). The New York Times. June 13, 1937. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
  12. ^ "Interesting Places in the Parks of New York City" (PDF) (Press release). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1937. PDF p. 125. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 11, 2021. Retrieved January 6, 2021.
  13. ^ a b c d e f g Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 9.
  14. ^ a b Public Works Manual. Public Works Journal Corporation. 1998. p. 28. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved January 19, 2021.
  15. ^ Ultan & Olson 2015, pp. 67, 70–71.
  16. ^ "Overview". Friends of Pelham Bay Park. Archived from the original on October 12, 2017. Retrieved October 11, 2017.
  17. ^ New York City Parks Department 1987, p. 4.
  18. ^ Teltsch, Kathleen (November 17, 1990). "Urban Gift: Wilderness Regained". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  19. ^ "Common Name: A noctuid moth; Scientific Name: Amphipoea erepta ryensis" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. pp. 1–2. Archived (PDF) from the original on March 20, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  20. ^ "Online Conservation Guide for Amphipoea erepta ryensis". New York Natural Heritage Program. 2017. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017. Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  21. ^ a b Smith, Sarah Harrison (2013). "Exploring Sand and Architecture at Pelham Bay Park". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  22. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 1.
  23. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, pp. 10–11.
  24. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 11.
  25. ^ a b c d e Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 12.
  26. ^ a b c Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, pp. 11–12.
  27. ^ a b c d Robins 2017, p. 212.
  28. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, pp. 12–13.
  29. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, pp. 2, 9.
  30. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 13.
  31. ^ Gray, Christopher (February 2, 1992). "Sunday Outing; Boulders, Sand, Treasure and Silence In That Faraway Land Called the Bronx". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 3, 2017.
  32. ^ Laws of the State of New York: Passed at the Session of the Legislature. Laws of New York. New York State Legislature. 1888. pp. 693–696. hdl:2027/nyp.33433090742036. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 16, 2017 – via HathiTrust.
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  35. ^ a b Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 3.
  36. ^ Pelham Bay Park: History (Report). New York City: City of New York. 1986. pp. 2, 11–12.
  37. ^ a b "1906 New York City Department of Public Parks Annual Report" (PDF). nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 1906. pp. 87–88. Archived (PDF) from the original on February 11, 2017. Retrieved January 13, 2017.
  38. ^ a b Caro 1974, p. 366.
  39. ^ a b "The New Deal for the Parks Outlined by their Director; Commissioner Moses Would Develop the City's Recreation Areas And Then Coordinate Them With the State Park System By". The New York Times. February 11, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  40. ^ Rodgers, Cleveland (1952). Robert Moses: Builder for Democracy (1 ed.). Henry Holt and Co. p. 82. Archived from the original on May 31, 2021. Retrieved March 13, 2021.
  41. ^ a b Caro 1974, p. 364.
  42. ^ Caro 1974, p. 363.
  43. ^ "New 'Jones Beach' Planned in Bronx; Moses Wants Model Resort at Pelham Bay Park -- Orders CWA Work Razed". The New York Times. February 28, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  44. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 2.
  45. ^ "Work Relief Booms Parks; Moses Pushes Program to Expand Greatly the Present Facilities for Recreation" (PDF). The New York Times. September 22, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  46. ^ "Park Camps to Go, Moses Announces; 625 Leases at Orchard Beach Will Be Canceled, He Says, to End 'Fine Mess' There" (PDF). The New York Times. March 7, 1934. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  47. ^ Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 7.
  48. ^ "Ousted Campers Appeal to Mayor; Orchard Beach Group Urges Moses Order Be Rescinded, at Least for This Summer" (PDF). The New York Times. March 25, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  49. ^ "Moses is Upheld in Park Camp Ban; Court Refuses to Interfere in Razing of 625 Bungalows at Orchard Beach" (PDF). The New York Times. May 16, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  50. ^ "Moses Wins Again in Row Over Camps; Clearing of Orchard Beach Sites Is Begun" (PDF). The New York Times. June 12, 1934. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  51. ^ "Hunter Island". New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. Archived from the original on April 30, 2016. Retrieved October 5, 2017.
  52. ^ a b c d Landmarks Preservation Commission 2006, p. 8.
  53. ^ "Parks' Own Polar Circle". The Daily Plant. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. February 7, 2001. Archived from the original on October 2, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  54. ^ a b "Refuse Dumping Opposed; Bronx Civic Leaders Criticize Pelham Bay Park Project" (PDF). The New York Times. May 28, 1935. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  55. ^ "Pelham Bay Dam Approved" (PDF). The New York Times. April 14, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  56. ^ a b "Public is greeted at Orchard Beach" (PDF). The New York Times. July 26, 1936. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
  57. ^ "City Beach Openings Put Off" (PDF). The New York Times. June 16, 1937. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved September 4, 2017.
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  59. ^ Robins 2017, pp. 211–212.
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  63. ^ Seitz & Miller 2011, p. 132.
  64. ^ "Orchard Beach Opens Shore Line Extension" (PDF). The New York Times. May 31, 1947. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 8, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  65. ^ 30 Years of Progress: 1934–1965, p. 36.
  66. ^ "City Halts Plan for Park Theater" (PDF). The New York Times. August 25, 1974. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on May 9, 2022. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
  67. ^ Rimer, Sara (August 27, 1984). "'Riviera of the Bronx' Shines Again". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on October 8, 2017. Retrieved October 7, 2017.
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  69. ^ Melia, John; Gentile, Don (July 26, 1985). "City Sounds Off; Sets new beach, park 'quiet zones'". New York Daily News. p. 354. Archived from the original on September 21, 2020. Retrieved April 30, 2019 – via Newspapers.com.
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  79. ^ a b "Fact Sheet - Orchard Beach > New York District > Fact Sheet Article View". New York District. United States Army Corps of Engineers. June 26, 2012. Archived from the original on October 3, 2017. Retrieved October 2, 2017.
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  90. ^ Newman, Andy (October 4, 2022). "Tent City for Migrants to Be Moved After It Flooded From Modest Rain". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved November 13, 2022.
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Sources

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