List of German Jews
 |
The first Jewish population in the region to be later known as Germany came with the Romans to the city now known as Cologne. A "Golden Age" in the first millennium saw the emergence of the Ashkenazi Jews, while the persecution and expulsion that followed the Crusades led to the creation of Yiddish and an overall shift eastwards. A change of status in the late Renaissance Era, combined with the Jewish Enlightenment, the Haskalah, meant that by the 1920s Germany had one of the most integrated Jewish populations in Europe, contributing prominently to German culture and society. During The Holocaust many Jews fled Germany to other countries for refuge, and the majority of the remaining population were killed.
The following is a list of some famous Jews (by religion or descent) from Germany proper.
Historical figures
[edit]Politicians
[edit]- Fischel Arnheim, politician[1]
- Ludwig Bamberger, politician[2]
- Daniel Cohn-Bendit, member of European Parliament, student leader in 1968[3]
- Wilhelm Dröscher, SPD politician[4]
- Kurt Eisner, Bavarian prime minister[5]
- Fritz Elsas [de], Mayor of Berlin from 1931 to 1933, (converted to Christianity)
- Heinrich von Friedberg, jurist, statesman (converted to Christianity)[6]
- Karl Rudolf Friedenthal, Prussian politician (converted to Christianity)[7]
- Clement Freud, German-born British MP[8]
- Rudolf Hilferding, Finance Minister in 1923 and from 1928 to 1929[9]
- Alex Himelfarb, ambassador[10]
- Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor of West Germany (1974–1982)[11]
- Henry Kissinger, U.S. Secretary of State, Nobel Prize (1973)[12]
- Ludwig Landmann, mayor of Frankfurt/Main[13]
- Eduard Lasker, co-founder of the National Liberal Party[14]
- Eugen Leviné, Bavarian prime minister[15]
- Jutta Oesterle-Schwerin, Member of parliament, Green party, Feminist party[16]
- Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht[17]
- Walther Rathenau, Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic[18]
- Herbert Weichmann, Mayor of Hamburg 1965–1971, president of the German Bundesrat (Federal upper house)[19][20]
- Marina Weisband, Ukrainian-born former Pirate Party Germany politician
- Jeanette Wolff, West Berlin politician[21]
- Walter Wolfgang, German-born politician[22]
Activists
[edit]- Hedwig Dohm-Schleh, feminist, author[23]
- Nahum Goldmann, president of World Jewish Congress[24]
- Amalie Nacken (1855–1940), Munich-based philanthropist
- Josel of Rosheim, court Jew and Jewish advocate[25]
- Paul Spiegel, leader of the Central Council of Jews in Germany[26]
- Sidonie Werner (1860–1932), women's rights activist
Religious figures
[edit]Rabbis
[edit]- Aaron ben Benjamin Wolf, Chief Rabbi of Berlin (1709)
- Aaron Moses ben Mordecai of East Prussia
- Abraham Auerbach (mid 1700s – November 3, 1846), Alsatian-born rabbi and liturgical poet. Fled France for Germany after imprisonment during the Reign of Terror.
- Ahron Daum, Chief Rabbi of Frankfurt am Main
- Abraham Geiger, founding father of Reform Judaism
- Samson Raphael Hirsch, intellectual founder of the Torah im Derech Eretz school of contemporary Orthodox Judaism[27]
- Immanuel Jakobovits, Chief Rabbi of Great Britain [28]
- Elijah Loans, rabbi of Fulda, Hanau, Friedberg, and Worms
- Seligmann Meyer, rabbi of Regensburg
- Leopold Zunz (10 August 1794 – 17 March 1886), founder of academic Jewish studies
Reform
[edit]- Levi Herzfeld, 19th-century proponent of moderate reform [29]
Other
[edit]- Ridley Haim Herschell, missionary[30]
- Joseph Wolff, missionary[31]
Scientific figures
[edit]Natural scientists
[edit]- Adolf von Baeyer, industrial chemist, Nobel Prize (1905) (Jewish mother)[32]
- Norbert Berkowitz, physicist[33]
- Hans Bethe, nuclear physics, Nobel Prize (1967)[34] (Jewish mother)[35]
- Sir Walter Bodmer, medical researcher[36]
- Max Born, quantum mechanics, Nobel Prize (1954) (converted to Christianity)[37]
- Heinrich Caro, industrial chemist[38]
- Nikodem Caro, industrial chemist[39]
- Albert Einstein, theoretical physics, Nobel Prize (1921)[40]
- Erwin Finlay-Freundlich, astronomer[41]
- James Franck, quantum physics, Nobel Prize (1925)[42]
- Adolph Frank, industrial chemist[43]
- Herbert Fröhlich, physicist[44]
- Eugen Glueckauf, chemist, expert on atomic energy[citation needed]
- Hans Goldschmidt, industrial chemist[45]
- Fritz Haber, developed the Haber process, Nobel Prize (1918)[46]
- Walter Heitler, chemist[45]
- Arthur Korn, physicist[47]
- Ernst Ising, statistical mechanics[48]
- Albert Ladenburg, chemist[49]
- Fritz London, quantum mechanics[50]
- Leonard Mandel, quantum optics[51]
- Kurt Mendelssohn, German-born British medical physicist[52]
- Viktor Meyer, organic chemist (converted to Christianity)[53]
- Leonor Michaelis, biochemist[54]
- Albert A. Michelson, measured speed of light, Nobel Prize (1907) (Jewish father)[55][56]
- Ludwig Mond, chemist and industrialist[57]
- Sir Rudolf Peierls, solid state theory[58]
- Arno Penzias, co-discoverer of CMB, Nobel Prize (1978)[59]
- Alfred Philippson, geologist[60]
- John Charles Polanyi, chemist, Nobel Prize (born Berlin) [61]
- Ernst Pringsheim, spectrometry, black-body radiation[62]
- Michael Rossmann, physicist and microbiologist (Jewish mother)[63]
- Rudolf Schoenheimer, biochemist[64]
- Arthur Schuster, spectroscopist[citation needed]
- Karl Schwarzschild, physicist and astronomer (converted to Christianity)[65]
- Franz Simon, physicist, separation of Uranium 235[66]
- Jack Steinberger, particle physics, Nobel Prize (1988)[67]
- Otto Stern, experimental physicist, Nobel Prize (1943)[68]
- Moritz Traube, biochemist[69]
- Wilhelm Traube, chemist, caffeine/purine synthesis
- Otto Wallach, chemist, Nobel Prize (1910) (converted to Christianity)[70]
- Richard Willstätter, chemist, Nobel Prize (1915)[71]
Physicians and medical researchers
[edit]- Adolph Baginsky, pediatrician, diphtheria researcher[72]
- Alfred Bielschowsky, ophthalmologist[73]
- Max Bielschowsky, neuropathologist[74]
- Konrad Bloch, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1964)[75]
- Marcus Elieser Bloch, physician[76]
- Gustav Born, professor of pharmacology[77]
- Edith Bulbring, professor of pharmacy (Jewish mother)[78]
- Sir Ernst Chain, developed penicillin, Nobel Prize (1945)[79]
- Ferdinand Cohn, pioneer in microbiology[80]
- Julius Friedrich Cohnheim, pathologist[25]
- Paul Ehrlich, developed magic bullet concept, Nobel Prize (1908)[81]
- Arthur Eichengrün, possible inventor of aspirin[82]
- Wilhelm Feldberg, biologist[citation needed]
- Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, biochemist[83]
- Hermann Friedberg, physician[25]
- Salome Gluecksohn-Waelsch, geneticist[84]
- Ernst Gräfenberg, obstetrician, the intrauterine device, the G-spot[85]
- Martin Gumpert, physician, writer[86]
- Friedrich Gustav Jakob Henle, physician (converted to Christianity)[87]
- Sir Bernard Katz, biophysicist, Nobel Prize (1970)[88]
- Hans Kornberg, biochemist researcher[89]
- Hans Kosterlitz, discovered endorphins[90]
- Sir Hans Adolf Krebs, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)[91]
- Rudolph Lennhoff, developed the open air cure for tuberculosis[92]
- Fritz Lipmann, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1953)[93]
- Jacques Loeb, physiologist[94]
- Otto Loewi, pharmacologist, Nobel Prize (1936)[95]
- Elisabeth Mann, biologist (Jewish mother)[96]
- Otto Meyerhof, biochemist, Nobel Prize (1922) (Jewish father)[97]
- Oskar Minkowski, physiologist[98]
- Albert Neisser, physician, discovered the cause of gonorrhea (Jewish father)[99]
- Emin Pasha, physician, naturalist, explorer[100]
- Nathanael Pringsheim, botanist[101]
- Ottomar Rosenbach, physician[25]
- Moritz Heinrich Romberg, physician, innovative author in neuroscience[25]
- Selma Schwester, longtime head nurse at Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem[102]
- Karl Stern, Canadian neurologist, psychiatrist, author
- Rahel Straus (1880–1963), medical doctor and feminist
- Ludwig Traube (1818–1876), medical doctor, introduced regular tracking of vital signs (respiration, temperature, pulse)
- Moshe Wallach, founder and director, Shaare Zedek Hospital, Jerusalem[103]
- Carl Warburg, doctor of medicine and clinical pharmacologist.[104]
- Otto Heinrich Warburg, physiologist, Nobel Prize (1931) (Jewish father)[83]
- Karl Weigert, pathologist[105]
Mathematicians
[edit]- Felix Bernstein, set theory (converted to Christianity)[106]
- Maurice Block, statistician[107]
- Richard Brauer, modular representation theory[108]
- Paul Cohn, algebraist[109]
- Richard Courant, mathematical analysis and applied mathematics[110]
- Max Dehn, topology[111]
- Paul Epstein, number theory[112]
- Adolf Fraenkel, set theory[113]
- Hans Freudenthal, algebraic topology[114]
- Friedrich Hartogs, mathematician
- Felix Hausdorff, topology[115]
- Heinz Hopf, topology (Jewish father)[116]
- Adolf Hurwitz, mathematician[117]
- Carl Gustav Jakob Jacobi, analysis[118]
- Leopold Kronecker, number theory[119]
- Edmund Landau, number theory[120]
- Rudolf Lipschitz, mathematician[121]
- Kurt Mahler, mathematician[122]
- Hermann Minkowski, geometrical theory of numbers[123]
- Claus Moser, statistician[124]
- Leonard Nelson, mathematician, philosopher (converted to Christianity)[125]
- Bernhard Neumann, mathematician[126]
- Emmy Noether, algebra and theoretical physics[127]
- Alfred Pringsheim, analysis, theory of functions[128]
- Richard Rado, combinatorics[129]
- Robert Remak, group theory
- Abraham Robinson, nonstandard analysis[130][131]
- Arthur Moritz Schönflies, mathematician[132]
- Issai Schur, mathematician[133]
- Reinhold Strassmann, mathematician
- Otto Toeplitz, linear algebra and functional analysis[134]
Technical scientists
[edit]- Ralph Baer, inventor of the games console[135]
- Emile Berliner, inventor of the gramophone[136]
- Emanuel Goldberg (1881–1970, from Russia, but published in German), pioneered Microdots and microfilm retrieval technology[137]
- Julius Edgar Lilienfeld, electrical engineer[138]
- Siegfried Marcus, automobile pioneer[139]
- Michael O. Rabin, computer algorithms, Turing Award (1976)[140]
- Reinhold Rudenberg, electrical engineer and inventor,[141]
- Adolf Schallamach, pioneered understanding of friction and wear phenomena in rubber
- Joseph Weizenbaum, AI critic, ELIZA[142]
Psychologists
[edit]- Karl Abraham, psychoanalyst[143]
- Rudolf Arnheim, perception theorist[citation needed]
- Erik Erikson, developmental psychologist (Jewish mother)[144]
- Erich Fromm, psychologist and humanistic philosopher[145]
- Erika Fromm, psychologist and co-founder of hypnoanalysis.
- Benedict Friedlaender, sexologist
- Frieda Fromm-Reichmann, psychoanalyst[146]
- Kurt Goldstein, Gestalt-influenced neurologist[147]
- Max Hamilton, psychiatrist[148]
- Magnus Hirschfeld, sexologist[149]
- Kurt Koffka, Gestalt psychologist[citation needed]
- Kurt Lewin, social psychologist[150]
- Hugo Münsterberg, industrial psychologist[citation needed]
- Ulric Neisser, cognitive psychologist (Jewish father)[151]
- Erich Neumann, analytical psychologist[152]
- Fritz Perls, psychotherapist[153]
- Harvey (née Heinz) Schloesser, psychiatrist and psychoanalyst
- Otto Selz, cognitive psychologist[154]
- William Stern, the Intelligence Quotient[155]
- Max Wertheimer, Gestalt psychologist[156]
Academic figures
[edit]Philosophers
[edit]- Theodor Adorno (1903–1969), philosopher (Jewish father)[157]
- Hannah Arendt, political philosopher[158]
- Leo Strauss, political philosopher[159]
- Ernst Bloch, philosopher[160]
- Constantin Brunner, philosopher[161]
- Ernst Cassirer, philosopher[162]
- Hermann Cohen, philosopher[163]
- Friedrich Dessauer, philosopher[164]
- Max Dessoir, philosopher[165]
- Julius Frauenstädt, philosopher[166]
- Kurt Grelling, philosopher[167]
- Hermann Heller (legal scholar), philosopher
- Richard Hönigswald (Jewish father)[168]
- Max Horkheimer (1895–1973), philosopher and sociologist[169]
- Edmund Husserl, philosopher (converted to Christianity)[170]
- Hans Jonas, philosopher[171]
- Horace Kallen, philosopher[172]
- Adolf Lasson, philosopher[25]
- Theodor Lessing, philosopher, writer[173]
- Karl Löwith, philosopher[174]
- Salomon Maimon, philosopher[175]
- Fritz Mauthner, author and philosopher[176]
- Moses Mendelssohn, philosopher, scholar[177]
- Helmuth Plessner, philosopher (Jewish father)[178]
- Hans Reichenbach, philosopher (Jewish father)[179]
- Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy, philosopher (Jewish father)[180]
- Max Scheler, philosopher (Jewish mother)[181]
- Edith Stein, philosopher, martyr and saint of the Catholic Church
- Kurt Sternberg, philosopher[182]
- Richard Rudolf Walzer, philosopher (Jewish Year Book 1975 p. 214)
Economists
[edit]- Robert Aumann, Nobel Prize for Economics[183]
- Richard Ehrenberg, economist (converted to Christianity)[184]
- Ludwig Lachmann, economist[185]
- Emil Lederer, economist[186]
- Robert Liefmann, economist[187]
- Adolph Lowe, economist[188]
- Rosa Luxemburg, economist, co-founder of the KPD[189]
- Peretz Naftali, economist, editor, later Israeli finance minister[190]
- Sigbert Prais, economist (JYB 2005 p. 215)
- Reinhard Selten, Nobel prize[191] (1994)
- Hans Singer, economist[192]
Social Scientists
[edit]- Reinhard Bendix, sociologist[193]
- Eduard Bernstein, founder of evolutionary socialism[194]
- Franz Boas, cultural anthropologist[195]
- Lewis A. Coser, sociologist[196]
- Norbert Elias, sociologist[197]
- Amitai Etzioni, sociologist[198]
- Shelomo Dov Goitein, Arabist[199]
- Moses Hess, socialist[200]
- Eugene Kamenka, sociologist[201]
- Siegfried Kracauer, sociologist and film critic[202]
- Ferdinand Lassalle, founder of first German worker's party[203]
- Karl Mannheim, sociologist[204]
- Herbert Marcuse, sociologist, New Left figurehead[205]
- Karl Marx, founder of Marxism (parents converted to Protestantism)[206]
- Franz Oppenheimer, sociologist and economist[207]
- Leo Loewenthal, sociologist[208]
- Georg Simmel, sociologist[209]
- Georg Steindorff, Egyptologist (Jewish father)[210]
- Jacob Taubes, theologist[211]
- Louis Wirth, sociologist[212]
Historians
[edit]- Ernst Bernheim, historian[213]
- Bernhard Brilling (1906–1987), historian and archivist of German Jewry
- Walter Cahn, art historian[214]
- Colin Eisler, art historian[215]
- Geoffrey Rudolph Elton (son of Victor Ehrenberg) [216]
- Richard Ettinghausen, art historian[217]
- Henry Friedlander, historian[218]
- Peter Gay, historian[219]
- Heinrich Graetz, historian[220]
- George W. F. Hallgarten, historian[221]
- Eric Hobsbawm, historian[222]
- Isaak Markus Jost, historian
- Ernst Kantorowicz, historian of medieval political and intellectual history
- Richard Krautheimer, historian[223]
- Arno Lustiger, historian[224]
- Golo Mann, historian (Jewish mother)[225]
- George Mosse, historian[226]
- Erwin Panofsky, art historian
- Otto Rahn, historian of legends about the holy grail[227]
- Hans Rothfels, historian[228]
- Fritz Stern, historian[229]
- Aby Warburg, art historian
- Rudolf Wittkower, architectural and art historian
- Michael Wolffsohn, historian[230]
Jurists
[edit]- Jacob Friedrich Behrend, jurist[25]
- David Daube, Professor of Law[231]
- Heinrich Dernburg, jurist (converted to Christianity)[232][233]
- Victor Ehrenberg, jurist (converted to Christianity)[234]
- Eugen Ehrlich (converted to Christianity)[235]
- Eduard Gans (converted to Christianity)[236][237]
- Hugo Haase, jurist[238]
- Franz Haymann, jurist (converted to Christianity)[239]
- Sir Otto Kahn-Freund, Professor of Law[240]
- Julius Anton Glaser (converted to Christianity)[241]
- Georg Jellinek (converted to Christianity)[242]
- Hermann Kantorowicz, jurist[243]
- Walter Kaskel, jurist[244]
- Robert Kempner, jurist
- Paul Laband, jurist, b. Breslau (converted to Christianity)[245]
- Otto Lenel, jurist[246]
- Ernst Levy, jurist[239][247]
- Philipp Lotmar[248]
- Kurt May (1896–1992), campaigner on behalf of the victims of Nazism
- Franz Neumann, legal theorist[249]
- Arthur Nussbaum, jurist[250]
- Joseph Süss Oppenheimer, financial planner and court Jew[25]
- Gabriel Riesser, deputy speaker of Frankfurt Assembly in 1848, first Jewish judge in Hamburg[251]
- Rudolf Schlesinger, jurist[252]
- Georg Schwarzenberger, jurist[253][254]
- Eduard von Simson, President of the Reichstag, President of the Reichsgericht[17]
- Hugo Sinzheimer, legal scholar[255]
- Joseph Unger (converted to Christianity)[256]
- Wilhelm Eduard Wilda (converted to Christianity)[257]
- Sigmund Zeisler, jurist[258]
Linguists and philologists
[edit]- Paulus Aemilius, professor of Hebrew[259]
- Theodor Benfey, linguist (converted to Christianity)[260]
- Eduard Fraenkel, philologist[261]
- Wilhelm Freund, philologist[262]
- Ludwig Friedländer, philologist [263]
- Julius Fürst, orientalist[264]
- Theodor Goldstücker, linguist[265]
- Moshe Goshen-Gottstein, linguist[266]
- Victor Klemperer, linguist and diarist[267]
- Siegbert Salomon Prawer, Professor of German[268]
- Chaim Menachem Rabin, linguist[269]
- Edward Sapir, anthropologist-linguist[270]
- Ernest Simon, professor of Chinese[271]
- Heymann Steinthal, linguist[citation needed]
Educationalists
[edit]- Lewis Elton, educationalist [216]
- Kurt Hahn,[272] educationalist
- Henriette May (1862–1928), German Jewish educator and women's activist
Entertainment
[edit]Showbusiness
[edit]- Hugo Egon Balder, comedian, producer (Jewish mother)[273]
- Mark Bellinghaus, actor, artist, writer, activist (Jewish mother)[274]
- Ludwig Berger, director[275]
- Lotte Berk, dancer and health guru[276]
- Christian Berkel, actor
- Kurt Bernhardt, director[277]
- Ludwig Blattner: film producer and studio owner, developer of the first magnetic tape recorder.
- Artur Brauner, film producer[278]
- Friedrich Dalsheim, director[279]
- Michael Degen, actor[280]
- Ernst Dohm, actor, editor[281]
- Hedwig Dohm-Pringsheim, actress[282]
- E.A. Dupont, director[283]
- Michel Friedman, TV personality[284]
- Kurt Gerron, stage actor and film director[285]
- Dora Gerson, actress, cabaret singer[286]
- Therese Giehse, actress Pepermill[287]
- Lou Jacobs, clown[288]
- Ludwig Karl Koch, broadcaster and sound recordist[289]
- Werner Klemperer, Movie, TV Hogan's Heroes and Broadway actor, violinist
- Carl Laemmle, film producer[290]
- Robert Lembke, journalist and well-known TV show host (Jewish father)[291]
- Ernst Lubitsch, director[292]
- Jeanine Meerapfel, film director and screenwriter[293]
- Max Ophüls, film director[294]
- Richard Oswald, director[295]
- Ferdinand Eduard Pahnecke, actor[296]
- Lilli Palmer, actress[297]
- Luise Rainer, actress
- Hans Rosenthal, one of Germany's most popular TV personalities in history[298]
- Susan Sideropoulos, actress[299]
- Robert Siodmak, director[300]
- Ruth Westheimer (born 1928), German-American sex therapist, talk show host, author, Doctor of Education, Holocaust survivor, and former Haganah sniper.[301]
- Konrad Wolf, film director[302]
- Peter Zadek, theatre director[303]
Musicians
[edit]- Samuel Adler, composer[304]
- Haim Alexander, composer[305]
- Tzvi Avni, composer[306]
- Paul Ben-Haim, composer[307]
- Julius Benedict, composer[308]
- Herman Berlinski, American composer, organist, pianist, musicologist and choir conductor[309]
- Wolf Biermann, singer/songwriter (Jewish father)[310]
- Yehezkel Braun, Israeli composer[311]
- Manfred Bukofzer, musicologist[312]
- Paul Dessau, composer[313]
- Abel Ehrlich, Israeli composer[314]
- Alfred Einstein, musicologist[315]
- Hanns Eisler, German-born composer (Jewish father)[316]
- Lukas Foss, composer and conductor[317]
- Alexander Goehr, composer[318]
- Walter Goehr, conductor[319]
- Berthold Goldschmidt, composer[320]
- Bernard Greenhouse, cellist[321]
- Nina Hagen, German-Jewish origin from her father's side, Punk Rock Singer, she was considered an opera prodigy by the time she was nine. Her paternal grandfather died in the Sachsenhausen concentration camp.
- George Henschel, singer and conductor[322]
- Alfred Hertz, conductor[323]
- André Herzberg, musician (Pankow)[324]
- Ferdinand Hiller, composer, conductor and pianist
- Gerard Hoffnung, musicologist [325]
- Friedrich Holländer, composer[326]
- Salomon Jadassohn, composer[327]
- Leon Jessel, composer[328]
- Robert Kahn, composer[329]
- Otto Klemperer, conductor[330]
- Robert Lachmann, musicologist[citation needed]
- Ludwig Lenel, organist and composer
- Hermann Levi, conductor[331]
- Alfred Lion and Frank Wulff, founders of Blue Note Records[332]
- Edward Lowinsky, musicologist[333]
- Gustav Mahler, composer[334]
- Michael Mann, musician (Jewish mother)[335]
- Arnold Mendelssohn, organist[336]
- Felix Mendelssohn, composer and conductor (Jewish ancestry but raised Lutheran)[337]
- Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel, composer[338]
- Giacomo Meyerbeer, composer[339]
- Ben-Zion Orgad, Israeli composer[340]
- Menahem Pressler, pianist[341]
- André Previn, conductor[342]
- Franz Reizenstein, pianist, composer[343]
- Curt Sachs, musicologist, co-founder of modern organology[312]
- Kurt Sanderling, conductor[344]
- Adolf Martin Schlesinger, music publisher[345]
- Arnold Schoenberg, composer
- Heinrich Sontheim, tenor[346]
- William Steinberg, conductor[347]
- Erich Walter Sternberg, composer[348]
- Josef Tal, composer[349]
- Ilia Trilling, synagogue composer[350]
- Ignatz Waghalter, composer and conductor[351]
- Bruno Walter, conductor (Jewish father)[352]
- Franz Waxman, film composer[353]
- Kurt Weill, composer[354]
- Indira Weiss, singer and actress[355]
- Hans Winterberg, composer
- Stefan Wolpe, composer[356]
- Alec Empire, member of Atari Teenage Riot[357]
- Hilde Zadek, soprano[358]
- Aron Liedtke, music producer[359]
- Hans Zimmer, film score composer and record producer[360]
Artists
[edit]- Anni Albers, textile designer[361]
- Frank Auerbach, painter[362]
- Eduard Bendemann, painter[25]
- Martin Bloch, British painter[363]
- Erwin Blumenfeld, photographer[364]
- Alfred Eisenstaedt, photographer[365]
- Benno Elkan, sculptor[366]
- James Ingo Freed, architect[367]
- Gisèle Freund, photographer[368]
- Eva Hesse, materials artist[369]
- Erich Kahn, painter, expressionist[370]
- Eugen Kaufmann, architect[citation needed]
- Hugo Lederer (1871–1940) sculptor[371]
- Ludwig Levy, architect[372]
- Max Liebermann, painter[373]
- Wilhelm Löwith, artist[374]
- Peter Max, pop artist[375]
- Ludwig Meidner, painter[376]
- Erich Mendelsohn, architect[377]
- Helmut Newton, photographer (Jewish father)[378]
- Felix Nussbaum, painter[379]
- Meret Oppenheim, surrealist[380]
- Else Oppler-Legband, architect, interior designer, fashion designer, and stylist[381]
- Erwin Panofsky, art historian[382]
- Martin Erich Philipp, artist[383]
- Hans Schleger, designer[384]
- Charlotte Salomon, artist[385]
- Erich Salomon, news photographer[386]
- Erna Weill, sculptor[387]
- Victor Weisz, Vicky, cartoonist[388]
Other
[edit]- Josef Ganz, car designer[389]
- Siegfried Marcus, car designer
- Edmund Rumpler, Austro-German car designer
- Jacqueline Van Maarsen, author and best friend of diarist Anne Frank
- Hanneli Goslar, friend of diarist Anne Frank and holocaust survivor
- Sanne Ledermann, friend of diarist Anne frank and holocaust victim
Writers
[edit]- Erich Auerbach, literature critic[390]
- Berthold Auerbach, author and poet[391]
- Julius Bab, dramatist and theater critic[392][393]
- Jurek Becker, writer[394]
- Maxim Biller, writer[395]
- Ludwig Börne, satirist[396]
- Otto Brahm, literary critic[397]
- Henryk Broder, journalist[398]
- Walter Benjamin (1892–1940), literary critic and philosopher[399]
- Emil Carlebach, writer, dissident[400]
- Joseph Derenbourg, orientalist, father of Hartwig Derenbourg[401]
- Hilde Domin, poet[402]
- Lion Feuchtwanger, novelist[403]
- Hubert Fichte, author (Jewish father)[404]
- Anne Frank, diarist[405]
- Karen Gershon (1923–1993), poet[406]
- Friedrich Gundolf, literary man[407]
- Glückel of Hameln, 18th-century Yiddish diarist[408]
- Maximilian Harden, journalist[409]
- Heinrich Heine, poet[410] (converted to Protestantism for job prospects)
- Stefan Heym, novelist, politician[411]
- Wolfgang Hildesheimer[412]
- Edgar Hilsenrath, novelist[413]
- Barbara Honigmann, writer[414]
- Heinrich Eduard Jacob, writer and journalist[415]
- Siegfried Jacobsohn, journalist and theater critic[416]
- Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter[417]
- Wladimir Kaminer, short story writer[416]
- Judith Kerr, children's writer[418]
- Victor Klemperer, writer[419]
- Else Lasker-Schüler, writer, poet and artist[420] (converted to Protestantism for job prospects)
- Robert Liebmann, screenwriter.
- Claire Loewenfeld, writer and herbalist[421]
- Hugo Lubliner, dramatist.[422]
- Emil Ludwig, writer[423][424]
- Gila Lustiger, author[425]
- Erika Mann, writer, actress (Jewish mother)[335]
- Klaus Mann, writer (Jewish mother)[335]
- Monika Mann, writer (Jewish mother)[335]
- Liselotte Marshall, novelist[426]
- Julius Mosen, born Moses[427]
- Erich Mühsam, anarchist poet[428]
- Henning Pawel, children's author, writer[429]
- Solomon Perel, author[430]
- Marcel Reich-Ranicki, literary critic[431]
- H. A. Rey and Margret Rey, creators of Curious George[432]
- Renate Rubinstein (Jewish father)[433]
- Nelly Sachs, poet, Nobel Prize (1966)[434]
- Anna Seghers, novelist[435]
- Oskar Seidlin, writer[436]
- Rafael Seligmann, writer[437]
- Süßkind von Trimberg, medieval writer, minnesinger[438]
- Kurt Tucholsky, writer (converted to Protestantism)[439]
- Samuel Ullman, poet[440]
- Rahel Varnhagen, writer and saloniste (converted to Christianity)[441]
- Moritz Callmann Wahl[25]
- Jakob Wassermann, novelist[439]
- Trude Weiss-Rosmarin[442]
- Jeanette Wohl[443]
- Victoria Wolff (1903–1992), German born American writer and screenwriter[444]
- Friedrich Wolf, writer, physician[445]
- Carl Zuckmayer, playwright (Jewish mother)[446]
- Arnold Zweig, writer[447]
- Stefan Zweig, novelist, playwright and journalist, best known for his autobiographies
- Hedwig Lachmann, author, translator and poet
Entrepreneurs
[edit]- See also Court Jews
- Alfred Beit, financier[240]
- Sir Ernest Cassel, banker[448]
- Maurice de Hirsch, banker[449]
- Sir Robert Mayer, German-born businessman and philanthropist[450]
- Israel Jacob (philanthropist) (1729–1803)[451]
- Marcus Goldman (1821–1904), German-born banker, co-founder of Goldman Sachs
- Abraham Kuhn[452] and Solomon Loeb, founders of Kuhn, Loeb & Co.
- Henry Lehman (1822–1855), Emanuel Lehman (1827–1907) and Mayer Lehman (1830–1897), German-born bankers, co-founders of former bank Lehman Brothers
- Joseph Mendelssohn (1770–1848), founder of former bank Mendelssohn & Co.
- Salomon Oppenheim (1772–1828), founder of bank Sal. Oppenheim
- Ernest Oppenheimer (1880–1957), diamond and gold mining entrepreneur and financier who controlled De Beers and founded the Anglo American Corporation of South Africa
- Emil Rathenau (1838–1915), founder of AEG
- Adolf Rosenberger, co-founder of Porsche[453]
- Nathan Mayer Rothschild (1777–1836), founder of British company N M Rothschild & Sons
- Hermann Tietz (1837–1907), founder of Hertie, a department store
- Leopold Ullstein (1826–1899), founder of publishing company Ullstein Verlag
- Moses Marcus Warburg and Gerson Warburg, co-founder of M. M. Warburg & Co., German bank
- Georg Wertheim (1857–1939), founder of former Wertheim, a department store
- Stef Wertheimer[454] "77-year-old German-born Stef Wertheimer"
- Gustav Wilhelm Wolff, founder of Harland and Wolff[455]
Sports
[edit]
- Alon Abelski, football player
- Rudi Ball, ice hockey player, right wing, Olympic bronze, world runner-up, bronze[456]
- Gretel Bergmann, high jumper[457]
- Hans Berliner, world postal chess champion[458]
- Barney Dreyfuss, co-founder of the World Series[459]
- Alfred Flatow, 3 time Olympic gymnastics champion (parallel bars, team parallel bars, team horizontal bar), silver (horizontal bar)
- Gustav Felix Flatow, 2 time Olympic gymnastics champion (team parallel bars, team horizontal bar)[460]
- Gottfried Fuchs, soccer player, (German national team)[461]
- Ludwig Guttmann, founder of the Paralympics[462]
- Lilli Henoch, world records (discus, shot put, and 4x100-m relay); shot by the Nazis in Latvia
- Fredy Hirsch, sport teacher
- Julius Hirsch, footballer, German champion, killed during the Holocaust
- Bernhard Horwitz, chess player[458]
- Herbert Klein, swimmer, Olympic bronze (200-m breaststroke); 3 world records
- Emanuel Lasker, world chess champion[463]
- Henry Laskau, racewalker, won 42 national titles; Pan American champion; 4x Maccabiah champion
- Helene Mayer, foil fencer (Jewish father), Olympic champion[464]
- Sarah Poewe, swimmer (Jewish mother), Olympic bronze (4x100 medley relay)[465]
- Ellen Preis (Ellen Müller-Preis) (1912–2007), German-born Austrian Olympic champion foil fencer
- Daniel Prenn, tennis player, highest world ranking # 6[466]
- Eugen Sandow, bodybuilding pioneer
- Anton Shynder, football player
- Siegbert Tarrasch, chess player[467]
Military
[edit]Literature
[edit]- Walter Tetzlaff, ed. "2000 Kurzbiographien bedeutender deutscher Juden des 20. Jahrhunderts" (Lindhorst: Askania, 1982).
See also
[edit]- History of the Jews in Germany
- List of Austrians
- List of Austrian Jews
- List of Czech, Bohemian, Moravian and Slovak Jews
- List of Germans
- List of Galician Jews
- List of West European Jews
- Lists of Jews
References
[edit]- ^ "BAVARIA - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ "Bamberger, Ludwig". The Columbia Encyclopedia (Sixth ed.). Columbia University Press. 2004. p. 4035.
- ^ "S/R 20: French Greens Surge Ahead in Elections for European Parliament". www.greens.org.
- ^ "Jews, Politics & Military". www.ezania.net. Archived from the original on 8 October 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Biography of Kurt Eisner". www.jbuff.com.
- ^ Weber, T. (2003). "Anti-Semitism and Philo-Semitism among the British and German Elites: Oxford and Heidelberg before the First World War". The English Historical Review. 118 (475): 86–119. doi:10.1093/ehr/118.475.86.
- ^ "FRIEDENTHAL, KARL RUDOLPH - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ "Hampstead Theatre : What's on : An evening with Sir Clement Freud". Archived from the original on 31 October 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ Malcolm Charles Sawyer, Philip Arestis, A Biographical Dictionary of Dissenting Economists.
- ^ "Jewish Tribune issue" (PDF). Jewish Tribune. 20 April 2006. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ "Told French President of Jewish Origins: Helmut Schmidt's Revelation Reported". Los Angeles Times. 25 February 1988. Retrieved 14 January 2022.
- ^ "Henry Kissinger". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ Lexicon: Frankfurt am Main
- ^ Eduard Lasker: Ein Leben für den Rechtsstaat by Adolf Laufs, German Studies Review, Vol. 9, No. 3. (Oct., 1986), pp. 651–652
- ^ "I Am an Englishman". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007.
- ^ Germany's Greens and Israel: "The Theme is too Much" by Diana Johnstone, MERIP Middle East Report, No. 149, Human Rights in the Middle East. (Nov-Dec 1987), pp. 44–45
- ^ a b "SIMSON, B[ernhard] von, EDUARD VON SIMSON. ERINNERUNGEN AUS SEINEM LEBEN ZUSAMMENGESTELLT". Archived from the original on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ Walther Rathenau: Industrialist, Banker, Intellectual, and Politician; Notes and Diaries 1907–1922 by Von Strandmann
- ^ Kraus, Marita. "Towards a History of Jewish Remigration". Migration and Remigration: Jews in Germany After 1945. Bucerius Institute for Research of Contemporary German History and Society, University of Haifa. Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 12 May 2006. Retrieved 3 October 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Jewish Women who Lived in Dortmund, Germany between 1930 and 1943". www.jewishgen.org.
- ^ "News - Latest breaking UK news - Telegraph". Archived from the original on 19 December 2005. Retrieved 19 December 2005.
- ^ "Hewdig Dohm (1831-1919), Woman's Nature and Rights, Women's History Month 2003 by Sunshine for Women". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ "Nahum Goldmann". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j Jewish Encyclopedia
- ^ "Jewish leader Spiegel dies at 68. 01/05/2006. ABC News Online". Australian Broadcasting Corporation. Archived from the original on 2 May 2006.
- ^ Eliyahu Meir Klugman (1996). Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch: Architect of Judaism for the Modern World. Brooklyn, NY: Artscroll Mesorah. ISBN 978-0-89906-632-5.
- ^ "AOJS". Archived from the original on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "CONFIRMATION, THE RITE OF - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Prussian Poland of Jewish parents"
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born of Jewish parents"
- ^ "Adolf von Baeyer's Scientific Achievements — a Legacy - Huisgen - 2003 - Angewandte Chemie International Edition in English - Wiley Online Library".
- ^ http://www.edukits.ca/multiculturalism/student/immigration_jewish.html [permanent dead link]
- ^ David Brand (March 10, 2005) Hans Bethe, titan of physics and conscience of science, dies at 98 news.cornell.edu
- ^ Bernstein, Jeremy (1980). Hans Bethe, Prophet of Energy. New York: Basic Books. p. 8. ISBN 978-0-465-02903-7.
- ^ Radio National Australia interview with Sir Walter Archived 2006-04-21 at the Wayback Machine: "I'm half Ashkenazy Jewish myself" Accessed 21 Feb 2007
- ^ "The religion of Max Born, theoretical physicist". 24 December 2005. Archived from the original on 24 December 2005.
- ^ "Book Review: Heinrich Caro and the Creation of Modern Chemical Industry. By Carsten Reinhardt and Anthony S. Travis - Quadbeck-Seeger - 2001 - Angewandte Chemie International ..."
- ^ The Evonik History Portal – The History of Evonik Industries
- ^ Shlichim (Israeli Emissaries) | The Jewish Agency for Israel Archived 2006-10-01 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Peter Redford Scott-Lang (1859-1926) & Eirwin Findlay-Freundlich (1858-1964)". Archived from the original on 30 June 2007. Retrieved 2 January 2007.
- ^ "A Case Study : James Franck". Archived from the original on 8 February 2005. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ "Jewish History". Archived from the original on 11 December 2006. Retrieved 3 January 2007.
- ^ "Metapress | A Fast Growing Resource for Young Entrepreneurs" (PDF). 14 December 2017. [permanent dead link]
- ^ a b "Jewish Chemists". www.jinfo.org.
- ^ "Haber". Archived from the original on 21 October 2009. Retrieved 25 October 2009.
- ^ "Freddy Litten: abstracts 2". litten.de.
- ^ http://www.physik.tu-dresden.de/itp/members/kobe/isingcor.ps
- ^ Dr. Leopold Ladenburg: "Stammtafel der Familie Ladenburg", Verlag J. Ph. Walther, Mannheim 1882
- ^ Fritz London: A Scientific Biography by Kostas Gavroglu
- ^ "Biographical Memoirs V.87". orsted.nap.edu. Archived from the original on 18 November 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica 13:492
- ^ "Viktor Meyer, Organic Chemist biography". www.todayinsci.com.
- ^ Deichmann, Ute; Müller-Hill, Benno (1998). "The fraud of Abderhalden's enzymes". Nature. 393 (6681): 109–111. Bibcode:1998Natur.393..109D. doi:10.1038/30090. PMID 9603512. S2CID 4411214.
- ^ The master of light;: A biography of Albert A. Michelson by Dorothy Michelson Livingston, 1973
- ^ "Geometry.Net - Nobel: Michelson Albert Abraham". www5.geometry.net.
- ^ "You are being redirected..." www.ajr.org.uk.
- ^ "Rudolf Peierls". Spartacus Educational.
- ^ "Arno Penzias – Biographical".
- ^ "PHILIPPSON - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ JINFO (21 July 2002). "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Chemistry". Jinfo.org. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Jewish Physicists". www.jinfo.org.
- ^ Bob Johnson (March 2001). "Holocaust survivors tell oral histories in 'Bitter Prerequisites'". Purdue News (Press release). Archived from the original on 15 June 2011. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
- ^ http://www.genetics.org/cgi/reprint/154/1/5.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Schwarzschild biography". Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ (Encyclopaedia Judaica, 14:1578)
- ^ "Jack Steinberger – Biographical".
- ^ "Jews in Pennsylvania - Page 5". Archived from the original on 2 May 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Ludwig Traube". www.whonamedit.com.
- ^ British Jewish Year Book 2005 p. 215 (list of Jewish Nobel Prize winners); Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. "Wallach, Otto"; [1]; however, Otto Wallach 1847–1931. Chemiker und Nobelpreisträger by Gunther Beer, Pg 11 disagrees
- ^ "Michael Heidelberger". Profiles in Science.
- ^ "Baginsky, Adolf (1843-1918): Int. Dictionary of Psychoanalysis". Archived from the original on 28 November 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Alfred Bielschowsky". www.whonamedit.com.
- ^ "Julius Hallervorden". www.whonamedit.com.
- ^ Goldfine, Howard; Vance, Dennis E. (2001). "Konrad E. Bloch (1912–2000)". Nature. 409 (6822): 779. doi:10.1038/35057430. PMID 11241981. S2CID 4392077.
- ^ "Lesser". Archived from the original on 1 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Gustav V. R. Born, The Born Family in Göttingen and Beyond, Termessos Verlag". termessos.de.
- ^ http://hardy.amnesty.org.uk/images/ul/f/famous_refugees_2.pdf [permanent dead link]
- ^ "Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain". Science History Institute. June 2016. Retrieved 21 March 2018.
- ^ "Ferdinand Cohn | German botanist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 22 February 2024.
- ^ The Israel Chemical Society
- ^ Goldberg, Daniel R. (Summer 2009). "Aspirin: Turn of the Century Miracle Drug". Chemical Heritage Magazine. 27 (2). Chemical Heritage Foundation: 26–30. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
- ^ a b Deichmann, Ute (21 January 1999). "The Expulsion of Jewish Biochemists from Academia in Nazi Germany". Perspectives on Science. 7 (1): 1–86. doi:10.1162/posc.1999.7.1.1. S2CID 57566498 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 31 May 2010. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Archive for Sexology". Archived from the original on 16 December 2006.
- ^ NUTTON, VIVIAN (1 October 2005). "In the Shadow of Sudhoff: German Medical History in the Weimar Republic". Medical History. 49 (4): 521–524. doi:10.1017/S0025727300009200. PMC 1251644.
- ^ "Friedrich Gustav Jacob Henle". www.whonamedit.com.
- ^ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1970". NobelPrize.org.
- ^ "Memoirs of a Biochemical Hod Carrier". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 October 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Sir Hans Adolf Krebs". www.whonamedit.com.
- ^ "Jüdische Schriftstellerrinnen und Schriftsteller in Westfalen". Universität Paderborn. Retrieved 26 October 2019.[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Hitler's Gift and the Era of Biosynthesis". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Lefalophodon: Jacques Loeb". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Dale, H. H. (1 December 1950). "Otto Loewi †". Ergebnisse der Physiologie Biologischen Chemie und Experimentellen Pharmakologie. 52 (1): 1–19. doi:10.1007/BF02260933. S2CID 40182910 – via Springer Link.
- ^ http://www.picture-newsletter.com/thomas-mann/index.htm Archived 2007-01-08 at the Wayback Machine "he married Katia Pringsheim, daughter of a well-known Jewish family of intellectuals. They had six children: Klaus, Erika, Golo, Monika, Elisabeth and Michael"
- ^ Otto Fritz Meyerhof Summary – via www.bookrags.com.
- ^ Luft, R. (1 July 1989). "Oskar Minkowski: Discovery of the pancreatic origin of diabetes, 1889". Diabetologia. 32 (7): 399–401. doi:10.1007/BF00271257. PMID 2680696. S2CID 30438124 – via Springer Link.
- ^ "Albert Ludwig Sigesmund Neisser". www.whonamedit.com.
- ^ http://www.ghil.ac.uk/Abstract_Zimmerer.pdf [permanent dead link]
- ^ Mollenhauer, D. (1 March 1995). "Nathanael Pringsheim and the Foundation of the Biologische Anstalt Helgoland". Helgoländer Meeresuntersuchungen. 49 (1): 113–116. Bibcode:1995HM.....49..113M. doi:10.1007/BF02368340. S2CID 44236888 – via Springer Link.
- ^ Steinberg, Ruth. "Schwester Selma" in Torah Profile: A Treasury of Biographical Sketches, Rabbi Nisson Wolpin, ed. 1988: Mesorah Publications, Ltd., ISBN 089906860X, p. 279.
- ^ Tidhar, David (1947). "Moshe Wallach" ד"ר משה ואלאך. Encyclopedia of the Founders and Builders of Israel (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. Estate of David Tidhar and Touro College Libraries. p. 429.
- ^ Friedenwald, H. (1946), Jewish Luminaries in Medical History
- ^ "Carl Weigert". www.whonamedit.com.
- ^ "Doetsch (print-only)". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 72.
- ^ "Brauer biography". Archived from the original on 12 July 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Obituary in The Times Archived 2008-04-05 at the Wayback Machine "he was born in Hamburg in 1924 to Jewish parents" Accessed 9 July 2008.
- ^ "Richard Courant - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ https://www.ams.org/notices/200209/fea-dawson.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Paul Epstein - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Abraham Fraenkel - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Freudenthal biography". Archived from the original on 31 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Error.HTML". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Heinz Hopf - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Adolf Hurwitz - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Carl Jacobi - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Kronecker biography". Archived from the original on 28 September 2006.
- ^ "Edmund Landau (1877-1938)". www.ma.huji.ac.il.
- ^ "Jewish Mathematicians". www.jinfo.org.
- ^ "Mahler biography". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ^ Contemporary Authors V 162 By Rooney, Scot Peacock, p. 169
- ^ "Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on". liverpoolecho. Archived from the original on 17 July 2012.
- ^ Reiss, H. S. (1954). "Leonard Nelson zum Gedächtnis by Minna Specht, Willi Eichler". The British Journal of Sociology. 5 (3). London School of Economics and Political Science: 290–91. doi:10.2307/587095. ISSN 1468-4446. JSTOR 587095.
- ^ "Bernhard Neumann - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "CWP at physics.UCLA.edu // Noether". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006.
- ^ "Pringsheim biography". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Richard Rado - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Abraham Robinson - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Letters_to Newspapers". Archived from the original on 16 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Schonflies biography". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Issai Schur - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Otto Toeplitz - Biography". Maths History.
- ^ "Electronic Nation - Chapter 2". www.videotopia.com.
- ^ "Emile Berliner - Engineering and Technology History Wiki". ethw.org. 22 January 2016.
- ^ "Emanuel Goldberg Page". people.ischool.berkeley.edu.
- ^ "Services Update" (PDF). Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 March 2012. Retrieved 28 October 2012.
- ^ "Virtual Vienna Net - Through Billie Ann's Eyes - Austrian Old Timer Automobile Museums". Archived from the original on 10 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "סיעוד – פורטל סיעוד בישראל | סיעוד וטיפול סיעודי".
- ^ Reinhold Rudenberg
- ^ "IL MARE FILM - WEIZENBAUM. REBEL AT WORK". www.ilmarefilm.org. Archived from the original on 6 July 2011.
- ^ Geller, Jay (2006). "Atheist Jew or Atheist Jew: Freud's Jewish Question and Ours". Modern Judaism - A Journal of Jewish Ideas and Experience. 26 (1): 1–14. doi:10.1093/mj/kjj001. S2CID 170903110.
- ^ "Erik Erikson Biography". Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 6 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Metapress | A Fast Growing Resource for Young Entrepreneurs". Metapress.
- ^ "Judy Duchan's History of Speech - Language Pathology". www.acsu.buffalo.edu.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the son of Jewish parents"
- ^ "Intersections: Magnus Hirschfeld: Panhumanism and the Sexual Cultures of Asia". intersections.anu.edu.au.
- ^ "Kurt Lewin Biography and Timeline (1890–1947)". Archived from the original on 7 November 2014. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica (Keter, Jerusalem, 1972, vol. 12, p. 945)
- ^ "PEP | Browse | Read - Lingering Shadows: Jungians, Freudians and Anti-Semitism: Aryeh Maidenbaum and Stephen A. Martin, Shambala, Boston, 1991, 416 pp., $35 (for Journal of the American Academy of Psychoanalysis)". pep-web.org.
- ^ Amazon.co.uk. ASIN 0803984537.
- ^ Dalton, Thomas C.; Baars, Bernard J. (21 January 2005). "Consciousness Regained". In Dalton, Thomas C.; Evans, Rand B. (eds.). The Life Cycle of Psychological Ideas: Understanding Prominence and the Dynamics of Intellectual Change. Springer US. pp. 203–247. doi:10.1007/0-306-48010-7_9. ISBN 0-306-47998-2 – via Springer Link.
- ^ "Buildings Integral to the Former Life and/or Persecution of Jews in Hamburg - Rotherbaum II/Harvestehude". A history of Jews in Hamburg. Universität Hamburg. Archived from the original on 13 September 2007.
- ^ "Max Wertheimer". Archived from the original on 5 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Adorno, Theodor | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy".
- ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Hannah Arendt". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 6 February 2007.
- ^ "The Leo Strauss Center". leostrausscenter.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 15 January 2023.
- ^ "Ernst Bloch". www.litencyc.com.
- ^ constantinbrunner.info
- ^ "Ernst Cassirer (German philosopher) - Encyclopædia Britannica". Archived from the original on 26 October 2007. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
- ^ "Hermann Cohen". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ "Friedrich Dessauer". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
- ^ Kimelman, Reuven (6 May 2004). "Rabbis Joseph B. Soloveitchik and Abraham Joshua Heschel on Jewish-Christian Relations". Modern Judaism. 24 (3): 251–271. doi:10.1093/mj/kjh019 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ "PHILOSOPHY". shekel.jct.ac.il. Archived from the original on 1 May 2006.
- ^ "Kurt Grelling Biography". Archived from the original on 27 April 2006. Retrieved 14 July 2006.
- ^ "Biographical Memoirs Home". nasonline.org.
- ^ "Walter Benjamin and Max Horkheimer". Archived from the original on 23 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Husserl, Edmund | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy".
- ^ Home | The Center for the Study of Religion and Conflict
- ^ "From Pre-modern Corporation to Post-modern Pluralism | H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften | Geschichte im Netz | History in the web". H-Soz-Kult. Kommunikation und Fachinformation für die Geschichtswissenschaften. 21 January 2022. Archived from the original on 25 October 2007.
- ^ "The Jewish Agency for Israel - U.S." www.jewishagency.org. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007.
- ^ Wolin, Richard (1 November 2001). Heidegger's Children: Hannah Arendt, Karl Lowith, Hans Jonas, and Herbert Marcuse. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0691070199.
- ^ "Salomon Maimon | Jewish philosopher | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 25 March 2024.
- ^ "Center for Jewish History :: 15 W. 16th Street NY, NY 10011". www.cjh.org. Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
- ^ "Who is Moses Mendelssohn?". www.sullivan-county.com.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "The Han Reichenbach Archives - An Overview". Archived from the original on 10 December 2006.
- ^ "Biography of Eugen Rosenstock-Huessy". Archived from the original on 20 December 2012. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Max Scheler, 1874–1928: An Intellectual Portrait by John Raphael Staude
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Sternberg, Kurt
- ^ "Robert J. Aumann - Biographical".
- ^ "German Jewish Collections".
- ^ Hayek's Challenge: An Intellectual Biography of F. A. Hayek - p. 145
- ^ JInfo list of economists accessed 17 May 2007
- ^ Living — International Office Archived 2010-11-28 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Adolph Lowe Papers, 1915-1996 - M.E. Grenander Department of Special Collections & Archives". archives.albany.edu.
- ^ "Glossary of People: L". www.marxists.org.
- ^ Riemer, Yehuda. Fritz Peretz Naphtali, A Social Democrat in Two Worlds. Hassifriya Haziyonit, Jerusalem 1996
- ^ "Jewish Nobel Prize Winners in Economics". www.jinfo.org.
- ^ (The Economist, March 11th 2006, p. 95: "born a Jew")
- ^ http://www.hhs.sagepub.com/cgi/reprint/15/3/25.pdf [permanent dead link]
- ^ "Eduard Bernstein Biography by Ted Crawford". www.marxists.org.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Lewis A. Coser Summary – via www.bookrags.com.
- ^ Aya, Rod (1 March 1978). "Norbert Elias and "the civilizing process"". Theory and Society. 5 (2): 219–228. doi:10.1007/BF01702162. S2CID 145515487 – via Springer Link.
- ^ "Amitai Etzioni". www.jewishworldreview.com.
- ^ "Princeton University - Geniza Project". Archived from the original on 10 October 2011. Retrieved 26 August 2011.
- ^ "Moses Hess". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ "Are Australians racist? (transcript available)". ABC Radio National. 3 April 2006.
- ^ Program in Judaic Studies, Princeton University
- ^ "Ferdinand Lassalle | German political leader | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 27 August 2023.
- ^ "Redirect".
- ^ "Herbert Marcuse, Sept. 1970 Playboy article". www.marcuse.org.
- ^ "Religion of Karl Marx: Jewish Lutheran turned atheist Marxist". 19 November 2005. Archived from the original on 19 November 2005.
- ^ "In Memoriam Franz Oppenheimer".
- ^ "An Unmastered Past". publishing.cdlib.org.
- ^ "Ron Bolender". Archived from the original on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Steindorf Collection". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "The Political Theology of Paul - Jacob Taubes
Translated by Dana Hollander". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007. - ^ "Louis Wirth Critical Essays - eNotes.com". eNotes.
- ^ Irene Blechle, Entdecker der Hochschulpädagogik. Die Universitätsreformer Ernst Bernheim und Hans Schmidkunz. Shaker Verlag, Aachen 2002, ISBN 3-8265-9943-8
- ^ "Cahn, Walter B". 21 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
- ^ "Eisler, Colin T". 21 February 2018. Archived from the original on 1 June 2019. Retrieved 1 June 2019.
- ^ a b "The Elton / Ehrenberg Papers : Centre for German-Jewish Studies: University of Sussex". Archived from the original on 25 October 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Dictionary of Art Historians - Richard Ettinghausen". Archived from the original on 22 September 2018. Retrieved 7 November 2018.
- ^ Henry Friedlander
- ^ Gay, Peter (10 November 1999). My German Question: Growing Up in Nazi Berlin. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300080700.
- ^ Encyclopedia Judaica, 2 ed, vol. 8, sv. "Graetz, Heinrich"
- ^ "The Myth of the Six Million -- Nazi Leaders and Extermination". Archived from the original on 4 November 2005. Retrieved 21 August 2006.
- ^ Hobsbawm, Eric (24 January 2008). "Eric Hobsbawm · Diary: Memories of Weimar · LRB 24 January 2008". London Review of Books. 30 (2) – via www.lrb.co.uk.
- ^ "Richard Krautheimer" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Search the Collections — United States Holocaust Memorial Museum". Archived from the original on 26 December 2007.
- ^ "You are being redirected..." www.ajr.org.uk.
- ^ "George L. Mosse Program in History". Archived from the original on 22 August 2012. Retrieved 16 August 2012.
- ^ "Otto Rahn Biography | Otto Rahn Memorial". Otto Rahn Memorial. 2014. Retrieved 18 July 2014.
- ^ "Clausewitz in English: Chapter 19". Archived from the original on 5 November 2002.
- ^ "Fritz Stern Speech". Archived from the original on 9 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Marcuse review of Wolffsohn, Deutschland-Akte". marcuse.faculty.history.ucsb.edu.
- ^ "Vittorio Klostermann – Philosophie, Recht, Literatur, Bibliothek".
- ^ Sinzheimer, Hugo (1938). Jüdische Klassiker der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft. Amsterdam: Menno Hertzberger. p. 93.
- ^ Wesenberg, Gerhard. "Dernburg, Heinrich". Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ Personal Memoirs by Victor Ehrenberg, Privately Published, 1971
- ^ Döhring, Erich. "Ehrlich, Eugen". Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ "Eduard Gans | German jurist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ Braun, Johann (1 November 2014). ""Vom Rechte, das mit uns geboren ist …" Erinnerungen an Eduard Gans (1797–1839), einen deutschen Juristen jüdischer Herkunft". Jahrbuch der Juristischen Zeitgeschichte (in German). 15 (1): 181–193. doi:10.1515/jajuz-2014-0105. ISSN 1869-6902. S2CID 185871862.
- ^ "Germany and the Jewish Question". Archived from the original on 6 January 2013. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ a b Mayer-Maly, Theo (1 August 1995). "I. Horst Göppinger, Juristen jüdischer Abstammung im "Dritten Reich", 2. Aufl. II. Tillmann Krach, Jüdische Rechtsanwälte in Preußen. III. Deutsche Juristen jüdischer Herkunft, hg. von Helmut Heinrichs, Harald Franzki, Klaus Schmalz und Michael Stolleis". Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung. 112 (1): 667–671. doi:10.7767/zrgga.1995.112.1.667. ISSN 2304-4861. S2CID 163279769.
- ^ a b British Dictionary of National Biography
- ^ Benedikt, Edmund. "Glaser, Julius". Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ Hollerbach, Alexander. "Jellinek, Georg". Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ "The German Law Journal". Archived from the original on 11 July 2006.
- ^ "IN MEMORY OF HUGO SINZHEIMER (1875- 1945): REMARKS ON THE METHODENSTREIT IN LABOUR LAW". www.jus.unitn.it. Archived from the original on 27 October 2006. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Laband, Paul
- ^ "Independent (London) March 5th 1999". www.law.berkeley.edu.
- ^ Biographie, Deutsche. "Levy, Ernst - Deutsche Biographie". www.deutsche-biographie.de (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ Sinzheimer, Hugo (1938). Jüdische Klassiker der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft. Amsterdam: Menno Hertzberger. p. 257.
- ^ "Walter Benjamin - Biographie et Présentation". Walter Benjamin. Archived from the original on 29 November 2006.
- ^ "The Discipline of the History of International Law". Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international. 3 (2): 194–217. 1 January 2001. doi:10.1163/15718050120956956 – via brill.com.
- ^ "Gabriel Riesser - a Famous Jewish "Father"of the German Constitution of 1849 -". www.jura.uni-sb.de. Archived from the original on 14 July 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "J. - Professor Rudolf Schlesinger, wife Ruth die together in S.F." Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 20 August 2006.
- ^ Steinle, Stephanie (1 January 2003). ""Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose": Georg Schwarzenberger's Power Politics". Journal of the History of International Law / Revue d'histoire du droit international. 5 (2): 387–402. doi:10.1163/157180503770736226 – via brill.com.
- ^ Steinle, Stephanie (2004). "George Schwarzenberger (1908–1991)". In Beatson, J.; Zimmermann, R. (eds.). Jurists Uprooted: German-speaking Émigré Lawyers in Twentieth-century Britain. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 663–680. ISBN 978-0-19-927058-3.
- ^ http://ilj.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/8/1/193.pdf [dead link]
- ^ Sinzheimer, Hugo (1938). Jüdische Klassiker der deutschen Rechtswissenschaft. Amsterdam: Menno Hertzberger. p. 105.
- ^ Eisenhart. "Wilda, Wilhelm". Deutsche Biographie (in German). Retrieved 9 February 2023.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 October 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Die Synagoge in Rödelsee (Kreis Kitzingen)". www.alemannia-judaica.de.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 728–729.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "An unbaptized Jew"
- ^ "Wilhelm Freund". The Museum of the Jewish People at Beit Hatfutsot. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "FRIEDLÄNDER, LUDWIG - JewishEncyclopedia.com". www.jewishencyclopedia.com.
- ^ Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 11 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 365.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 21 July 2011. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Goshen-Gottstein, Moshe; "born in Berlin"
- ^ "Victor Klemperer". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Jewish Year Book 2005 p. 215
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica, art. Rabin, Chaim Menachem; "born in Giessen, Germany"
- ^ "Edward Sapir". Archived from the original on 10 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ (British Jewish Year Book 1980 p. 183)
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Berlin of Jewish parents"
- ^ "Berlin-Friedenau - Kultur - Geschichte/Chronik - Geschichte und Geschichten". Archived from the original on 23 August 2006. Retrieved 24 October 2006.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 October 2007. Retrieved 21 June 2021.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "The religion of Ludwig Berger, director". 8 March 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2006.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "the only daughter of Jewish parents"
- ^ Patrick McGilligan, Fritz Lang: The Nature of the Beast, St. Martin's Press: New York (1997), p. 172
- ^ "German films - Producer's Portrait". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Also Showing - TIME". 30 September 2007. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ "Michael Degen - Infos und Filme". Prisma.
- ^ "Kladderadatsch". Archived from the original on 9 September 2006.
- ^ "Ingrid Strobl, Kristallnacht". www.hartford-hwp.com.
- ^ "Anna May Wong in 'Piccadilly' article on the official website of Laura Hird". Archived from the original on 27 January 2013. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
- ^ Paterson, Tony (17 June 2003). "Police investigate German chat show host as cocaine and call-girl scandal deepens". The Independent. Berlin. Archived from the original on 8 January 2007.
- ^ "7th Art Releasing - Kurt Gerron's Karussel". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Classical music - andante - "beyond recall"". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Therese Giehse". www.steffi-line.de.
- ^ "Wheeler's Lou Jacobs biography". wheelerclown.tripod.com.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "Being a Jew, Koch's life under the Nazi regime became increasingly intolerable"
- ^ "Error – Filmography – Movies – New York Times".
- ^ "Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek". portal.dnb.de.
- ^ "The religion of director Ernst Lubitsch". Archived from the original on 11 October 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) - ^ Plotkin, Janis. "Filmmakers, Independent European." Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia. 1 March 2009. Jewish Women's Archive.[2]. Accessed June 17, 2012.
- ^ Vincent Brook, Driven to Darkness: Jewish Emigré Directors and the Rise of Film Noir, Rutgers University Press, 2009, p. 1.
- ^ "Error – Filmography – Movies – New York Times". Archived from the original on 9 April 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ http://www1.un-hamburg.de/rz3a035//jh_welcome.html [permanent dead link]
- ^ "Editor's Blog: Lilli Palmer -- Not allowed to be German". Archived from the original on 17 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "H-Net Reviews". November 2004. Archived from the original on 4 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Jüdisches Museum Berlin Archived 2013-02-06 at archive.today
- ^ "filmnoir". Archived from the original on 20 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "FosterClub | Famous Foster Youth - Dr. Ruth Westheimer". Archived from the original on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Remembering History: The Filmmaker Konrad Wolf by Marc Silberman, New German Critique, No. 49, Special Issue on Alexander Kluge. (Winter, 1990), pp. 163–191
- ^ Theatre Reviews: Opposites by Wilhelm Hortmann, Shakespeare Quarterly, Vol. 33, No. 4. (Winter, 1982), pp. 513–515
- ^ "Samuel Adler". Archived from the original on 17 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Something went wrong". Archived from the original on 8 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "jewish contemporary composers for contralto and percussion, percussion solo and contralto solo - Vocal Recital. Wiebke Hoogklimmer - Contralto, Producer and Director". www.wiebkehoogklimmer.de.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Jewish Orchestra Conductors". www.jinfo.org.
- ^ "The Jewish Theological Seminary - THE HERMAN BERLINSKI MUSIC COLLECTION". Archived from the original on 4 August 2010.
- ^ "Wolf Biermann". Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 18 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ a b "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Fritz Hennenberg: Paul Dessau. Eine Biographie
- ^ "JEWISH MUSIC INSTITUTE - Suppressed Music, Thwarted Voices". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Alfred Einstein on Music: Selected Music Criticisms by Catherine Dower
- ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Hanns Eisler". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014.
- ^ "Articles written for AUFBAU by Leonard J. Lehrman".
- ^ Jewish Chronicle, July 13, 2001 p.25 "two Jewish composers, Alexander Goehr and Robert Saxton"
- ^ "JEWISH MUSIC INSTITUTE - Newsletter 5, Spring 2002". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 5 December 2010.
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "His was a cultured, musical Jewish family"
- ^ "Mendelssohn Players @ ART WORKs BERLIN". Archived from the original on 27 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ http://oq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/10/4/39.pdf [dead link]
- ^ Eskenazi, Joe (23 July 2004). "COVER STORY: Professor Dobbs' time machine". jewishsf.com. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Kultur: Leben im Zwiespalt | ZEIT ONLINE". Archived from the original on 6 November 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "GERARD HOFFNUNG (1925-1959)". Archived from the original on 12 November 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Friedrich Hollaender". Archived from the original on 26 April 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Records International February 2003 Catalogue". www.recordsinternational.com.
- ^ "Something went wrong..." www.jewish-music.huji.ac.il.
- ^ "CD Baby Music Store". store.cdbaby.com.
- ^ "Otto Klemperer Bio". Archived from the original on 16 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Hermann Levi's shame and Parsifal's guilt" by Laurence Dreyfus
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Lowinsky, Edward
- ^ "MAHLER AND RELIGION; Forced to be Christian". The New York Times. 22 August 1999.
- ^ a b c d "Thomas Mann Kilchberg pictures photos". Archived from the original on 8 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "University of North Texas :: College of Music :: Music History, Theory, and Ethnomusicology :: Centers". Archived from the original on 1 January 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Felix Mendelssohn: Musical Genius and Jewish Casualty". Archived from the original on 5 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Fanny Mendelssohn Hensel". Archived from the original on 6 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Giacomo Meyerbeer, 1791–1864 by Martin Cooper
- ^ "Music in Israel 1995-1998". Archived from the original on 6 July 2004.
- ^ "JEWISH MUSIC INSTITUTE - International Centre for Suppressed Music, Online Journal". Archived from the original on 4 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Andre Previn - MSN Encarta. Archived from the original on 29 October 2009.
- ^ "You are being redirected..." www.ajr.org.uk.
- ^ "Floridian: Tearing down the walls".
- ^ http://mq.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/LXXII/1/1.pdf [dead link]
- ^ "Heinrich Sontheim". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 2 November 2006.
- ^ "Department of Music". arts-sciences.buffalo.edu. Archived from the original on 19 July 2014.
- ^ Music in the Jewish Community of Palestine 1880–1948: A Social History by Jehoash Hirshberg
- ^ "Josef Tal". Archived from the original on 18 September 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Musto, John- Bio, Albums, Pictures – Naxos Classical Music". www.naxos.com.
- ^ "Musical Pointers". www.musicalpointers.co.uk.
- ^ "Walter". Archived from the original on 11 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "He Wrote the Songs | Village Voice". villagevoice.com. Archived from the original on 8 January 2007.
- ^ "Peter Dawson- Albums, Pictures – Naxos Classical Music". Archived from the original on 22 November 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Ich bin ein Star - Holt mich hier raus! | Dschungelcamp 2024". rtl.de.
- ^ Earle, Ben (6 May 2005). "On the Music of Stefan Wolpe: Essays and Recollections (review)". Music and Letters. 86 (2): 312–315. doi:10.1093/ml/gci052 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ "Atari Teenage Riot". Archived from the original on 14 November 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Handy - Festnetz - Internet - Mobiles Internet - TV". www.a1.net.
- ^ "Aron Liedtke". Facebook.
- ^ "Hans Zimmer: Proud to say 'My people'". JewishJournal.com.
- ^ "Albers and Moholy-Nagy: from the Bauhaus to the New World | Tate" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 January 2007.
- ^ "Frank Auerbach born 1931". Archived from the original on 24 June 2008. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "The Jewish Chronicle". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
- ^ Hamlin, Jesse (21 April 2006). "Blumenfeld -- beauty and mystery". SFGATE.
- ^ "Alfred Eisenstaedt". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born at Dortmund of Jewish parentage"
- ^ King, John (17 December 2005). "James Freed -- architect of S.F. new Main Library". SFGATE.
- ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Gisèle Freund". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 14 November 2013.
- ^ "Jewish Arts". Archived from the original on 18 October 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "'The Seven Sisters', Erich Kahn, 1954". Tate.
- ^ International Association of Jewish Genealogical Societies - Cemetery Project Archived 2007-01-26 at the Wayback Machine: he is buried in the Jewish cemetery in Znojmo, Czech Republic; accessed 18 May 2007
- ^ Singer, Isidore. "Levy, Ludwig". Jewish Encyclopaedia. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ^ "The Jewish Museum – Press Releases". The Jewish Museum. Archived from the original on 3 October 2006.
- ^ http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1911_1912_4_YearReview.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "Metroactive Arts | Peter Max". www.metroactive.com.
- ^ "Else and Ludwig Meidner: Cultural identity in exile". Courtauld Institute of Art. Autumn 2002. Archived from the original on 25 September 2006.
- ^ "Looking for Open2.net? - OpenLearn - Open University". Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "helmut-newton-dead". www.meaus.com.
- ^ "Architecture projects | Studio Daniel Libeskind". Archived from the original on 4 February 2007.
- ^ "MODERNA MUSEET - Read more about Meret Oppenheim". Archived from the original on 24 June 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Schicksalsjahre". Else Oppler | ein Vortrag von Claus Pese (in German). Retrieved 1 October 2023.
- ^ "PACPubServer.com: The Leading PAC Pub Server Site on the Net".
- ^ Deutsche Nationalbibliographie. Börsenverein der deutschen Buchhändler zu Leipzig. 1990. p. 172.
- ^ "Zero, Hans Schleger, A Life of Design". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007.
- ^ "5. Charlotte Salomon: "Life? or Theater?"". The Holocaust History - A People's and Survivor History - Remember.org.
- ^ "Charlotte Salomon: Life or Theatre - Art Gallery of Ontario - Absolutearts.com". www.absolutearts.com.
- ^ Markowitz, Michael (30 April 1996). "ERNA WEILL, NOTED TEANECK SCULPTOR". Bergen Record. Archived from the original on 11 June 2014. Retrieved 4 May 2014.
- ^ Concise Dictionary of National Biography: "born in Germany of Hungarian Jewish parents"
- ^ "Hitler's theft of Jewish Engineer's Idea". [permanent dead link]
- ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Erich Auerbach". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 10 February 2015.
- ^ Singer, Isidore; Isaacs, Abram S. "AUERBACH, BERTHOLD (BARUCH)". Jewish Encyclopedia. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- ^ "BAB, JULIUS". Jewish Virtual Library. Retrieved 29 November 2016.
- ^ Encyclopaedia Judaica art. Bab, Julius
- ^ "Jurek Becker". Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 September 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ Jüdisches Museum Berlin Archived 2007-01-21 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Otto Brahm | Realism, Naturalism & Expressionism | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
- ^ Lubich, Frederick Alfred (6 May 1997). "Review: Speaking Out -- Jewish Voices from United Germany". Modern Judaism. 17 (2): 185–189 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Jacobson, Eric. "Metaphysics of the Profane: The Political Theology of Walter Benjamin and Gershom Scholem". Columbia University Press. Archived from the original on 22 September 2006.
- ^ "William Pomeroy, Right Wing Revises History on V-E Day Anniversary". www.hartford-hwp.com.
- ^ Cohen, Richard I. (1991). "Conversion in nineteenth-century France: Unusual or common practice?". Jewish History. 5 (2): 47–56. doi:10.1007/BF01668930. S2CID 159943121.
- ^ "All About Jewish Theatre - Poet of homecoming whose optimism celebrated the spirit of the new Germany : Hilde Domin (1909-2006)". Archived from the original on 24 October 2006.
- ^ "Lion Feuchtwanger?s Josephus: Exoneration of a Maligned Jewish Champion". Archived from the original on 24 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Matt & Andrej Koymasky - Famous GLTB - Hubert Fichte". Archived from the original on 25 December 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ Gale ~ Page Missing ~ Page Error Redirect Archived 2007-02-06 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Five Leaves Publishing - Titles with a Jewish Interest". Archived from the original on 2 July 2007. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Joseph Goebbels". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ "Glückel of Hameln". www.phy6.org.
- ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 10 September 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Heinrich Heine, 'Blackguard' and 'Apostate': A Study of the Earliest Attitude Towards Him" by Sol Liptzin
- ^ "J. - German Jewish writer Stefan Heym dies in Israel at 88". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ http://www.cutg.ac.uk/03prog.htm[permanent dead link]
- ^ "Bestselling German-Jewish Author Satirizes the Holocaust – DW – 01/01/1975". dw.com.
- ^ "Best German Language Courses & Culture Projects in London | Goethe-Institut UK".
- ^ The Gabriele Killert and Richard Schroetter: Obligation destruction fixes. The forgotten Jewish writer Heinrich Eduard Jacob; in: "new inhabitants of zurich newspaper" (boarding school Expenditure), NR. 78. Zurich, 5./6. April 1997, S. 50.
- ^ a b "Kultur - Goethe-Institut". www.goethe.de.
- ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Ruth Prawer Jhabvala". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 9 February 2007.
- ^ Sylvester, Louise (6 May 2002). "A Knock at the Door: Reading Judith Kerr's Picture Books in the Context of Her Holocaust Fiction". The Lion and the Unicorn. 26 (1): 16–30. doi:10.1353/uni.2002.0011 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ The Lesser Evil: The Diaries of Victor Klemperer 1945–1959
- ^ Lindenmeyer, Antje (6 May 2001). ""I am Prince Jussuf": Else Lasker-Schüler's Autobiographical Performance". Biography. 24 (1): 1–34. doi:10.1353/bio.2001.0014 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ Pincus, Lily Verloren, gewonnen: Mein Weg von Berlin nach London, Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1980
- ^ Endriss, Beate-Ursula. "Lubliner, Hugo (Pseudonym Hugo Bürger)". Deutsche Biographie. Bavarian Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 18 August 2019.
- ^ "Emil Ludwig, Famous Biographer, Calls on Jews to Answer Hitler 'in Own Terms'", The Sentinel (Chicago), 13 August 1936, p. 36.
- ^ Harry Hansen, "Ludwig, Emil," Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 7, New York: Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, Inc., 1942, p. 231.
- ^ "Aktuell - AG DOK". www.agdok.de.
- ^ Doyle, Margaret (16 August 2017). "Liselotte Marshall obituary". The Guardian.
- ^ biblewiki.be - biblewiki Resources and Information. This website is for sale! [permanent dead link]
- ^ "The IJPA - Letter to the Editor". 15 February 2001. Archived from the original on 15 February 2001.
- ^ "Henning Pawel". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Academic Publications". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Archived from the original on 24 October 2007.
- ^ Author of Himself, The ... The Life of Marcel Reich-Ranicki
- ^ "Journey That Saved Curious George Wartime Escape of Margret and H. A. Rey". Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ https://www.nias.knaw.nl:10051/en/oudfellows/research_group_1999_2000/summaries_99_00/hans_goedkoop/ [permanent dead link]
- ^ Liukkonen, Petri. "Nelly Sachs". Books and Writers (kirjasto.sci.fi). Finland: Kuusankoski Public Library. Archived from the original on 25 December 2014.
- ^ "Anna Seghers". www.litencyc.com.
- ^ "Oskar Seidlin, Silesian-born Jewish-American literary scholar". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 6 January 2007.
- ^ "Jews in today's German culture". The University of Chicago Chronicle. 13 April 1995.
- ^ "CEEOL Derekh Judaica Urbinatensia, Issue 3 /2005".
- ^ a b "Metapress | A Fast Growing Resource for Young Entrepreneurs". Metapress. 6 May 2024.
- ^ "ADAH: Alabama Moments (Samuel Ullman, 1840-1924--Details)". Archived from the original on 14 February 2007. Retrieved 18 January 2007.
- ^ Rahel Varnhagen The Life of a Jewish Woman by Hannah Arendt
- ^ Hymen, E. Paula and Dash Moore, Deborah. (eds) (1997) Jewish Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia. Routledge, ISBN 0-415-91934-7 (pp. 1463–1465)
- ^ "Fehler beim Seitenaufruf - Johann Wolfgang Goethe-Universität". Archived from the original on 7 November 2007.
- ^ Schlör, Joachim (26 November 2020). Escaping Nazi Germany: One Woman's Emigration from Heilbronn to England. Bloomsbury Publishing. ISBN 978-1-350-15413-1.
- ^ "DEFA Film Library |".
- ^ "The immigration of Carl Zuckmayer into the USA [Content-space.de]". www.content-space.de.
- ^ "Arnold Zweig | Jewish, WWI, Novelist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 17 April 2024.
- ^ K. Grunwald, 'Windsor Cassel: the last court Jew', Yearbook of the Leo Baeck Institute, 14 (1969), 119–61
- ^ Oxford Dictionary of National Biography: "born on 9 December 1831 in Munich ... His grandfather Jacob had established the family as one of the first Jewish families to acquire great wealth and social acceptability in Bavaria ... His mother came from an Orthodox Frankfurt family and ensured that the children were properly instructed in Jewish matters."
- ^ http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1987_7_WestEurope.pdf [bare URL PDF]
- ^ "JACOB, ISRAEL - JewishEncyclopedia.com". 6 November 2012. Archived from the original on 6 November 2012. Retrieved 7 December 2023.
- ^ Charles R. Geisst, The last partnerships: inside the great Wall Street money dynasties, p. 55
- ^ Automobile Quarterly, Volume 18, Issue 4 Automobile Quarterly, 1980
- ^ "Middle East, The: Prosperity and the long road to peace: a German-born multi-billionaire believes instituting commercial joint ventures in the Middle East could bring peace and prosperity to Arabs and Jews". Archived from the original on 17 May 2005. Retrieved 21 March 2022.
- ^ "Culture Northern Ireland". Archived from the original on 30 September 2007.
- ^ "Name: RUDI BALL". Archived from the original on 11 March 2007. Retrieved 12 January 2018.
- ^ "Gretel Bergmann". www.jewishsports.net. Archived from the original on 19 December 2006.
- ^ a b "Jewish Chess Players". www.jinfo.org.
- ^ "Levi Strauss & Barney Dreyfuss". www.jbuff.com.
- ^ "Jews in Sports: Jewish Olympic Medalists (1896 - Present)". Jewish Virtual Library.
- ^ "Football Against Racism in Europe • News". 9 June 2007. Archived from the original on 9 June 2007.
- ^ "Sir Ludwig "Poppa" Guttmann". Archived from the original on 19 April 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
- ^ "Lasker biography". Archived from the original on 6 December 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
- ^ Mogulof, Milly (1 January 2001). Foiled!: Hitler's Jewish Olympian : The Helene Mayer Story. Rdr Books. ISBN 157143092X.
- ^ "Sarah Poewe". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ "The Nazi Olympics (August 1936)". www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org.
- ^ "Tarrasch, Englisch". Archived from the original on 21 May 2007. Retrieved 7 January 2007.
